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Volume 31 (1981)
- Issue 6 Pages 809-
- Issue 5 Pages 613-
- Issue 4 Pages 445-
- Issue 3 Pages 285-
- Issue 2 Pages 131-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 31, Issue 5
Displaying 1-15 of 15 articles from this issue
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Kazumoto FUJII, Sumiyoshi TAKASUGI, Naotika TOKI1981 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 613-623
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to clarify the role of histamine in the neuro-humoral excitatory mechanism in the stomach, the effect of cepharanthine (an inhibitory agent of histamine release from mast cells) on excitatory response of gastric movement and increase in gastric mucosal histamine content caused by nerve stimulation (vagus and splanchnic nerves) or administration of tetragastrin were investigated in dogs. The animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and immobilized with gallamine triethiodide. The following results were obtained.
Increase of gastric mucosal histamine content caused by vagal and splanchnic nerve stimulation and administration of tetragastrin was inhibited by administration of cepharanthine. Cepharanthine inhibited the tonic contraction of the innervated antral pouch or isolated antral circular muscle strip caused by stimulation of vagus nerve. Tonic contraction of the innervated antral pouch caused by electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerve after nicotinization of celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia was inhibited by administration of cepharanthine. Cepharanthine inhibited motor excitatory response of the denervated corpus pouch caused by stimulation of vagus and splanchnic nerves and by administration of tetragastrin.
These results support the theory that cepharanthine inhibits the release of histamine from histamine-secreting cells in the gastric mucosa. It is suggested that histamine plays an important role in the neuro-humoral excitatory mechanism of gastric movement.View full abstractDownload PDF (1120K) -
Toshifumi KUMAI1981 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 625-637
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhile applying solutions of 5 mm QHCl, 2 M NaCl and HCl at pH 2.0 to three different ipsilateral portions, root, middle and tip of the tongue surface of the frog, reflex discharges were recorded from three main branches of the hypoglossal nerve. Reflex discharges in the hyoglossal branch were elicited mainly when the caudal two-thirds of the tongue was stimulated with the chemicals, whereas those in the genioglossal branch occurred predominantly when the rostral two-thirds of the tongue was stimulated. The intrinsic branch responded reflexly to stimulation of any portion of the tongue. The hyoglossal branch was also highly sensitive to mechanical stimulation of the tip of the tongue.
Action potentials reflexly elicited by electrical stimulation of medial and lateral branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve were recorded from the following two of the three efferent branches simultaneously. Then it was revealed that the activity of the hyoglossal branch was induced by sensory inputs from low threshold fibers in the medial branch, whereas that of the genioglossal branch was mainly by the lateral branch.
Latencies between the electrical stimulation of the afferent branches and the action potential of the efferent branches were measured. The onset of the potential in the hyoglossal branch produced by stimulation of the medial branch had the shortest latency. This reflex arc may functionally play a role in retracting the tongue quickly after capturing a prey at the tip of the frog tongue.View full abstractDownload PDF (1378K) -
Takashi MAENO, Koh-ichi ENOMOTO, Masashi SAWADA1981 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 639-656
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe kinetics of the direct action of 4-aminopyridine (4AP) and streptomycin (SM) on the mechanism of transmitter release were studied by recording the endplate potentials from curarized frog muscles using conventional microelectrode techniques, and by calculating the fractional release from the store of available acetylcholine quanta from the experiments with tetanic rundown during short train stimulations. To explain the tremendous facilitatory effect of 4AP on the fractional release and the antagonistic interaction of SM thereupon, it was postulated that 4AP and SM modify the transmitter output by combining with the Ca-dependent process X; i.e., 4AP and SM compete for the occupancy of the X site. A combination of 4AP or SM presumably modifies allosterically the action of the Ca-X complex, resulting in a profound augmentation of the evoked release of the available transmitter with the former and its depression with the latter. The theoretically derived equations from the above assumptions agreed reasonably well with the results obtained.View full abstractDownload PDF (5178K) -
Kozo HIRATA, Tetsuo NAGASAKA1981 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 657-665
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCalorigenic response to cold and to norepinephrine (NE: 4μg·kg-1·min-1) in physically fit (SW) rats was compared with control (CT) and cold-acclimated (CA) rats. Physical fitness was obtained by daily 3-hr swimming in water at 36°C for 6-8 weeks. Resting heart rate (HR) was significantly less in SW rats. Cold immersion (in water at 18°C up to the neck) increased oxygen consumption (VO2) significantly in CA and SW compared to CT rats (p<0.01). Cold immersion decreased colonic temperature (Tco1) in all groups. Despite the increased calorigenic response, SW rats cooled as quickly as CT rats in cold water. Body weight and skinfold thickness were significantly less in SW than in CT rats (p<0.01). Compared with CT rats, average weight of the interscapular BAT was significantly less in SW rats (p<0.05). Infusion of NE significantly increased VO2, Tco1, HR and mean aortic pressure in anesthetized rats. The increase in VO2 was significantly greater in CA (p<0.01) and SW (p<0.05) than in CT rats. Tco1 increased significantly in CA (p<0.05) and slightly in SW compared to CT animalsView full abstractDownload PDF (925K) -
Kiyoshi MORIYA, Miya KOBAYASHI, Tsutomu HIROSHIGE1981 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 667-676
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn rats treated chronically with norepinephrine and thyroxine, enhanced nonshivering thermogenesis was observed, with a concomitant increase in the utilization of plasma free fatty acids (FFA). The increased utilization of plasma FFA was characterized by a more preferential increment in the oxidation of FFA in tissues rather than that in the uptake of FFA by tissues. These biochemical findings were accompanied by an increased mitochondrial mass in red fibers of skeletal muscle. Both biochemical and morphological changes of a similar nature were found in cold-acclimated rats.View full abstractDownload PDF (1122K) -
Katsuhide NISHI, Yufuko OKAJIMA, Hirosumi ITO, Kazuhiro SUGAHARA1981 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 677-694
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of short-term ischemia on chemoreceptor responses to various stimuli and ultrastructural features of the carotid body of the cat were examined. Total occlusion of the arteries supplying the carotid body induced an increase in chemoreceptor discharges. After 1-hr ischemia, chemoreceptor responses to NaCN and asphyxia were markedly depressed to 10-40% of the control, while those to ACh and HCl were not greatly affected. Prolonged ischemia (2-3 hr) produced a marked decrease in responsiveness to all stimuli. One-hr ischemia induced changes in the ultrastructural appearance of the glomus cell, including a decrease in the number of dense-cored vesicles, the appearance of swollen or vacuolated mitochondria and amorphous substances, while the nerve ending showed a relatively well-preserved appearance. Prolonged ischemia (2-3 hr) produced degenerative changes both in the glomus cell and nerve ending ; vacuolation, a marked decrease in electron density of cytoplasmic matrix of the glomus cell and nerve ending, and marginal shrinkage of the nuclei. The results indicate that the markedly depressed responses to NaCN and asphyxia after 1-hr ischemia are due to dysfunction of the glomus cell, while ACh and HCl, acting directly on the nerve ending which was not greatly affected by ischemia, evoked wellpreserved responses in the chemoreceptors.View full abstractDownload PDF (20439K) -
Yufuko OKAJIMA, Katsuhide NISHI1981 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 695-704
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSChemoreceptor discharges were recorded from the carotid sinus nerve of the cat in vivo, and their frequency was used as an index of receptor activity. The effects of dopamine on chemoreceptor activity were analyzed in normal and ischemic carotid bodies. Intra-arterial injections of dopamine (DA) induced various patterns of chemoreceptor responses; simple inhibition, inhibition followed by excitation, and simple excitation, depending upon doses and the time interval between two injections. After a large dose of DA, a previous inhibitory response to DA was converted into an excitatory one. Pretreatment of the animal with reserpine (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) or 5-hydroxydopamine (5 mg/kg, i.v.) also converted the inhibitory response to DA into the excitatory one. After haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.), the inhibitory response to DA was completely blocked, and DA induced a dose-dependent increase in chemoreceptor discharges. After 1-hr ischemia of the carotid body, DA induced only the inhibitory response, which was blocked by haloperidol, but did not produce any excitatory responses. Results indicate that DA exerts a self-blocking action on inhibitory dopaminergic receptors which are possibly located on the nerve ending, and that DA, also acting directly on the glomus cell, would produce the chemoreceptor excitation.View full abstractDownload PDF (1094K) -
Hiroshi HOSOMI, Mikio BABA, Hironobu MORITA1981 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 705-715
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo quantify the effects of massive hemorrhage (5 ml/kg body weight) on the individual arterial baroreflex systems in the dog, changes in the open-loop gains of the intact arterial pressure control system (Gintact), the carotid sinus baroreflex system (GCS), and the vagally mediated and aortic arch baroreflex systems (GV) were measured repeatedly from the response to quick mild hemorrhage (2 ml/kg body weight) before and after massive hemorrhage. Fifteen mongrel adult dogs were divided into 3 groups, i.e., the control, vago-aortic nerve-severed, and carotid sinusdenervated groups. The dogs anesthetized with Nembutal (35 mg/kg body weight) were bled by 2 ml/kg body weight within 2 sec through a catheter inserted into the abdominal aorta. The arterial pressure change after mild hemorrhage was monitored via a catheter placed in the aortic arch. The open-loop gain of the baroreflex system was assessed as (ΔAPI/ΔAPS-1), where ΔAPI and ΔAPS are the immediate and steady-state falls in arterial pressure following mild hemorrhage. The mean values of Gintact, GCS, and GV before massive hemorrhage were 7.8, 2.0, and 1.8, respectively. Since Gintact is not a simple summation of GCS and GV, it is speculated that the carotid sinus baroreflex system interacts in a facilitatory way with the vagally mediated and aortic arch baroreflex systems. After massive hemorrhage, Gintact changed along a time course of parabolic form, whereas GCS did not change and GV decreased. These results suggest that the time-dependent change of Gintact after massive hemorrhage depends on the change in the open-loop gain of the baroreflex system making a facilitatory interaction.View full abstractDownload PDF (1114K) -
Kazuhisa EZURE, Tomokazu OSHIMA1981 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 717-736
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Intracellular activities of fast pyramidal tract (PT) cells and their family neurones were investigated during the EEG arousal of various degrees in terms of (1) the strength of natural or midbrain reticular stimuli, (2) the length of aroused EEG and (3) the extent of stage shift from EEG synchronization to desynchronization. 2. These cells showed a response pattern of either disfacilitation (DF), disfacilitation followed by excitation (DF+E) or excitation (E). DF and E components in these responses were respectively quantified with their amplitude and incidence, and their relations to the above-listed intensity parameters of EEG arousal were examined. 3. The threshold of eliciting DF response was lower than that for E response to natural and reticular stimuli. On intensifying the parameters of EEG arousal, accompanying increases were observed in E response but not in DF response. Rather, DF response was often masked by E response on application of relatively intense stimuli, or was decreased in a reciprocal manner to the increase of E response in accordance with the degree of EEG arousal. 4. It is postulated that the phasic and tonic phases of EEG arousal manifested, respectively, as the initial DF and late E responses bear different functions, the former representing the cerebral state of a general set on receipt of a novel stimulus, and the latter involving the state of actively responding to the stimulus by encoding its intensity.View full abstractDownload PDF (2233K) -
Kazuhisa EZURE, Tomokazu OSHIMA1981 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 737-748
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. Intracellular activities of slow pyramidal tract cells and their family neurones were investigated during the EEG arousal of various intensities. 2. By assessing the intensity of midbrain reticular or natural stimuli, the arousal length of EEG and the extent of EEG stage shift, these neurones were identified as the recipient of enduring excitation(E+E)during both the phasic and tonic phases of EEG arousal, and were termed E+E cells. 3. These cells were located in all the cortical laminae. E+E responses took the form of continuous depolarization in most of the deep cortical layer cells, but separated initial and late peaks of depolarization were seen in most of the superficial layer cells. 4. The E+E response versus stimulus intensity or arousal length relationship consisted of plateau and rising limbs, which would characterize the initial and late E components, respectively. 6. The excitatory tonus was revealed in E+E cells with mean levels of resting membrane potential, being most hyperpolarized during highly synchronized EEG and gradually depolarized according to stage shift towards desynchronization.View full abstractDownload PDF (1313K) -
Toshihiko TADA, Yasuhiro TERANISHI, Juro IRIUCHIJIM1981 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 749-752
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt was tested whether the transposition response, cardiovascular response complex to change of habitat in the rat, is also an isopressor (without arterial pressure change) response, as it is in normal rats, in different experimental hypertensive rats. It was found to be a pressor response, i.e., arterial pressure was considerably elevated on transposition, in spontaneously hypertensive rats, DOCA salt hypertensive rats and neurogenic hypertensive rats. In renovascular hypertensive rats alone, the response was isopressor.View full abstractDownload PDF (380K) -
Masaru SORIMACHI, Shigeto NISHIMURA1981 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 753-756
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBovine adrenal gland was retrogradely perfused with Cadeficient medium, and secretion of catecholamines was induced by sucrose medium substituted for NaCl. It was found that catecholamine secretion due to sucrose medium was divided into two portions, one independent of, and the other dependent on extracellular Ca.View full abstractDownload PDF (396K) -
Teruo NAKAYAMA, Yoshito OHNUKI, Kazuyuki KANOSUE1981 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 757-762
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMonochromatic and colored thermographies were used to visualize skin temperatures during exercise without involvement of sweating. Skin temperature began to fall immediately at the onset of exercise, remained low during exercise and rose rapidly after cessation of exercise. Increased work intensities produced a proportional fall in skin temperature and greater surface area of lowered temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (7316K) -
Takanori FUJII, Hilde STARLINGER1981 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 763-767
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe saline solutions buffered with glycylglycine, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane and phosphate were not suitable for recording the evoked potentials from the olfactory cortical slices of guinea pigs, because these potentials were suppressed in amplitude by superfusion with these buffer solutions.View full abstractDownload PDF (546K) -
Sigehiro KIYONO, Misako SEO, Masamitsu SHIBAGAKI1981 Volume 31 Issue 5 Pages 769-773
Published: 1981
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRats receiving prenatal X-ray irradiation showed great deficit in learning of the Hebb-Williams maze. The deficit of the maze learning was only slightly improved even when the X-irradiated rats were reared in an environmentally enriched condition.View full abstractDownload PDF (448K)
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