Ten years have passed since the Sociological Criminology Society of Japan was established and during the years, several sessions have been held and the possibility of making a conjoint study both by sociologists and by criminalists has been discussed. So far, however, they cannot come to any complete agreement on the peculiar province of sociological criminology. From the view-point of new criminal policy, which is based on democracy, the author conciders the essential matters to be studied positively. In order to be sure that a decision of an anti-crime policy is made for sufficient reasons, the decision must be made after the following points are examined precisely : (1) what are the criminal phenomena. (2) how effective is the current anti-crime policy. (3) what are the views on evaluation or the standards for evaluation about criminal phenomena and anti-crime policy. The province of the positive research becomes more comprehensive, by analyzing these three points more fully. On the other hand, on the subjects of sociological criminology, sociologists say that it has to make a positive effort to intervene in social realities, since sociology is not a paper argument. Concidering all mentioned above, the subjects of positive research studies on criminal policy seem to cover almost all the subjects on "sociological criminology" at the same time. Because perspectives of new criminal policy based on democracy include many research subjects of sociological criminology as such, it is expected that both criminalists and sociologists take part in the same project, cutting off the useless efforts to search its proper boundary of each science.

抄録全体を表示

Many criminologists who have turned their attentions to the labeling perspective in the early 1970's, returned recently to the control (or bond) theory. Against the prevailing view, I believe, both of 'turn' and 'return' are symbolic phenomena of Durkheim Renaissance. If not, those switches in theory only mean that an existing paradigm has been persistently unable to solve "puzzles", or at least to explain a new type of crime. (Or would puzzles have been exhausted ?) Since no criminologist (as a scientist) can work in a theoretical vacuum, when a paradigm or a research program loses its ability to produce new 'facts', and I am afraid, it will often go into a "degenerative" phase. Therefore, the aim of this essay is to present a new perspective which is named as the dramaturgical theory of crime. Of course, I know this new theory is only a different rather than a better way of looking at reality. But in this essay I suggest the significance of this new theoretical orientation. For example, I propose that Goffman's Frame analysis could be effectively utilzed to make analytical sense of empirical facts. A schematic overview of my argument is illustrated in the following diagram. [figure]

抄録全体を表示

Labeling-theory produced a new approach of the study of deviant behaviors and especially its sociological critique to the authoritative treatment of delinquents by officials has a unique aspect. But this theory so strengthens authoritative elements in the official treatment that it is inclined to function consequently in the direction of tightening authoritative power rather than criticizing it. It seems that this paradoxical point spoils the significance of labeling-theory. Though labeling-theory strengthens the defect of official treatment as to its provision of labels for delinquents, there has been the tradition of avoiding such labels in Japan before this theory was proposed. This tradition is based on Buddhistic thought of pardon, Marxism's theory and Japanese unbelief in former reformatories and it has emphasized the significance of the treatment in the community rather than in a reformatory. But in Japan, this tradition includes problems in itself from the view point of labeling-theory. It has a defect in strengthening labels of delinquents sent to reformatories. The more we try to avoid stamping labels, the more the label which is more selectively stamped becomes strong and overwhelms the delinquent. For these reasons labeling-theory has contradictions in itself and therefore it cannot replace the such preceding theory of deviant behavior as anomie-theory. What is expected hereafter is to refine labeling-theory from causal aspects and to integrate it in to the former theory, especially anomie-theory. At least this reform is necessary for judical welfare - the diagnosis and treatment for the sound upbringing of delinquents.

抄録全体を表示

This paper deals with the study on general deterrence in these two decades with particular focus on economic approaches and on policy-experiments. In the United States, federal agencies and federal funds were established in the late sixties and the early seventies to support the study of crime and criminal justice. Many economists were mobilzed and organized by the Federal Government to fix the optimal crime control policy. Accordingly, many economic studies and policy-experiments on general deterrence have been conducted since the late sixties in the United States. Both these two kinds of studies are policy-oriented because economic studies imply the idea of the optimal allocation of the resources of the criminal justice system, and in policy-experiments, some social control variables (eg. police activities) are operated by state or local agencies. In addition, the author points out the development of the idea that economics has come to deal not only with economic behavior in the strict sense but also whatever behavior is regarded as a choice under uncertainty. This idea which is called "economic imperialism" and the mobilization of economists by the Federal Government as mentioned above have made many economists engage in econometric studies on general deterrence. On the contrary, either policy-experiments or econometric studies on general deterrence have scarcely been done in Japan. First, the deterrence of crime has not been a political issue and therefore the government has not supported the study of deterrence. Second, economists are neither interested in economics of crime, nor in law and economics. Third, in the field of criminal law, law professors are absorbed in doctorinare studies and pay little attention to the scientific and empirical study of deterrence. In the field of civil law, however, the idea of law and economics has been gradually accepted in the past decade. Therefore the idea of law and economics will possibly exert an influence on the field of criminal law and the idea of economics of crime will emerge within several years.

抄録全体を表示

Fujita (1982) argues that delinquencies committed by Japanese Koreans begin in their early adolescence and that environmental factors characterizing Korean sub-society in Japan are responsible for the delinquencies. (Fujita mentions such "environmental factors" as low socioeconomic status of Korean families.) But can we explain delinquencies of Japanes (Koreans only in terms of such "environmental factors"? This paper examines this causal issue on the basis of case studies. A close examination of the social organization of Korean people ir Japan as a "minority group" reveals that it consists of numerous subgroups which are heterogeneous with regard to such characteristics as nationality, socioeconomic status, and generation. Our case studies of Korean delinquents indicate that their self-identity as Koreans varies according to the types of subgroups to which they belong. Levine's (1977) "Typology of Stranger Relationship" gives us a clue to explore the social roles of the Korean adolescents in Japan and their bearings on their delinquencies. The two axes of his typology are "Stranger's Interest in Host Community" and "Host's Response to Strangers". Although Levine's typology is useful in classifying Korean people's "interest in host community", it dose not include a category for the typical response of Japanese to Korean ; i. e., "negative stereotyping" (Wagatsuma, 1981). "Negative stereotyping" is crucial in shaping Korean adolescents' selfidentity as marginal men. It is also crucial in determining scioeconomic status and social marginality of Koreans in Japan. The first conclusion of this paper is that construction of a more elaborate typology about types of marginality of Koreans is crucial in understanding causal mechanism underlying delinquencies of Japanese Koreans. Another conclusion of this paper is that we have to employ a phenomenological approach in understanding and analyzing individual cases. The approach will enable us to explore effects of the strain factors which have been said to be characteristic of Korean delinquents in Japan. If we can synthesize the typological studies and case studies, we will be able to elaborate a theory about deviant behaviors of minority peoples in general.

抄録全体を表示

A dacade has passed after the foundation of Sociological Criminology Society of Japan, and this fact has made me reconcider my tracks in there ten years. I have been enlightened very much by many research studies about juvenile delinquency which have been published recently, being stimulated by the third drastic increase of their number after World War II. On the other hand, I am penitent for my idleness because I have been an only nominal member of Sociological Criminology Society and have made no prominent research study as a correctional treatment specialist of juvenile delinquency. Above all, I think that the following two problems should have been tackled and positively studied by specialists of institutional treatment in cooperation with officials of other organizations concerned : (1) characteristics and problems of the institutional custody-relationships between custody and education, (2) raison d'etre of juvenile training schools - their relationships with other organizations of juvenile education. I would like to make some comments about my distress and struggle which I have met within my routine job, expecting to learn from your comments and advice.

抄録全体を表示

The transition of Japanese Association of Criminal Sociology, from 1974 to 1983, is following ; (1) Among the membership, approximately half of practitioners have substantially withdrawn from JACS. (2) The members who are practitioners little report at annual contresses of JACS nor write for issues of Japanese Journal of Sociological Criminology. (3) The members who majored in law became dominant in JACS, whereas the members whose speciality is sociology have stayed relatively inactive compared to jurists. (4) Very few have reported nor written on clinical studies. (5) Labeling Theory had flourished in the 1970's but has declined in the 1980's. (6) Law Sociological and control approaches have grown more popular, whereas classical and aetiological approaches have remained stagnant. (7) The concept of "Student Sub-culture" has been introduced from educational sociology.

抄録全体を表示

In this paper, the authors intend to clarify the relationships between the extent of the united activity for guidance of teachers as a group - they term it the guidance ability of teachers' group - and the effects of the united activity on the students' deviant behaviors, especially junior-high school students' deviant behaviors. So far studies of the juvenile delinquency have dealt with the problem, in relation to the school education, that students with poor achievement have not adjusted himself to the school life. There is no doubt that the poor educational achievement is one of the major causes of juvenile delinquency. But actually, the rate of the delinquent students differs from school to school though there are about the same numbers of poorly achieving students at every school. So we should consider carefully the differences of respective school organization and school management to understand the facts. This paper pays attention to the difference in the extent of the united activity for guidance of teachers' group. The authors carried out a mail survey including 285 junior-high school teachers (one teacher from each school) in F Prefecture from the beginning of July to the middle of November in 1983 and collected 127 questionnaires of the number. We classified teachers' groups into three types on the basis of these data and applied these types as a framework for analysis. Consequently the following conclusions were obtained. (1) In schools of high guidance ability of teachers' group, there are few delinquent students, the teachers' morale is high and the teachers lay stress on mutual solidarity as a preventive measure for delinquency at school. The, teachers' group activity for guidance is effective. (2) On the contrary,in schools of low guidance ability, that is to say, in schools where the extent of the united activity of teachers' group is low, there are many delinquent students and the teachers' morale is low. The teachers lay stress on close contacts between teachers and students but the techers'group activity is ineffective.

抄録全体を表示

This article aims at, with the result of an empirical study, revealing the process how the offender can be re-integrated into the community. Such a concern pursues the possibility of the reversion of a 'labeling' process. That is, how the actor of a crime can be freed from a negative label of 'the offender', and be re-identified as a law-abiding person by people in the community. 2. Samples and Method of Research : The samples of this research study are a total of 553 university students. They were asked to read four fictitious stories: worker's injury, traffic accident, violence and shoplifting. Students were then asked to answer if they would keep associating with the offender in each story. These four stories were intentionally varied in details about the actors' attitudes or situations after committing crimes. For example, (a) if the actor repented and apologized to the victim, (b) if he tries to compensate for the damage, (c) if he was imposed any sanction, etc. Obtained data were analyzed by means of 'Analysis of Variance' (ANOVA). 3. Results of Analysis : Samples of this study tend to keep associating with the actor in the following cases: (a) when the actor repented of his crime and apologized to the victim, (b) when he tries to compensate for the damage, (c) when he decides never to drive after causing the traffic accident. But such motivation for friendliness doesn't occur, when the actor was only imposed such sanction as warning by his superior, a salary reduction, or investigation by the police. These results show that the people generally accepted the actor, when they judged that he will less possibly repeat a crime, and felt it unfair to keep reproaching him, through facing the actor's sincere attitudes after his committing a crime. 4. Conclusion : People tend to denounce and exclude the actor of a crime, labeling him as 'the offender'. But at the same time people tend to let the actor re-integrated into the community, and to free him from the label, when he tries to assume his responsibility and represents penitent attitudes. Thus, the actor is allowed to be integrated with the people in the community, and can revert to what he was before.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this paper is to study the essential characteristics of the contemporary-type juvenile delinquency in relation to its social back-gorunds. First, the author referred to the differences between the traditional and the contemporary types of juvenile delinquency. Secondly, the author pointed out that distinctive tendencies of the contemporary-type juvenile delinquency are "generalization of delinquency" and the increase of "play-type delinquency", and analized the characteristics of each tendency in connection with its social backgrounds. In this paper, the author defines the contemporary-type juvenile delinquency as "the characteristic form of juvenile delinquency in contemporary society and the form of juvenile delinquency which sharply reflects the contemporary social situations". By defining in this manner, it is clear that the form of juvenile delinquency which has the distinction of "generalization" and "play-type" is a tapical form of the contemporary-type juvenile delinquency. But traditional-type juvenile delinquency which is committed by boys with handicaps in their dispositions and/or environments, remains firmly in this society, and the author would like to define much of this type as another contemporary-type juvenile delinquency. Recent tendency of juvenile delinquency is the strong dichotomy between the middle-class, play- and escape-type juvenile delinquency and the traditional, violent- and aggressive-type juvenile delinquency. The author analized this in relation to the duality of contemporary social structures and the social situations of administrated society.

抄録全体を表示

This paper examines the social backgrounds of problem behaviors of junior high school students, intending to search for the proper methods of their correction. Adaptive students having no experiences of problem behaviors are obedient in their homes, study hard and adjust themselves to the school life. But problem students have fine physique and many friends, and are fond of sports. In short, they are hyperactive. Considering these points, we may interpret problem behaviors of junior high school students as an outcome of their activeness and behavioral patterns. Analizing the discipline of students by their parents, adaptive students are strictly disciplined, but maladjusted students are more loosely disciplined. Self concepts of adaptive students are positive in general, while maladjustive students tend to have much more negative self images. In other words, problem students think firmly that they are not good students nor children for themselves. Information which teachers have about students' maladjustive behaviors and troublds are not so accurate as expected. School teachers do not necessarily have proper understanding of their students. It is necessary for teachers (and the concerned) to look for a proper method of correction based on the precise information about not only students' current attitudes and behaviors but also their life histories and behavioral patterns.

抄録全体を表示