This paper analyzes regional influencing factors of photovoltaic power generation in China, by conducting Adopting panel data analysis with relevant data of 30 provinces in mainland China from the year 2011 to 2014. The results show that the influencing factors for Distributed PV Power generation are installing cost of photovoltaic power equipment and FIT, but for Centralized PV Power generation are installing cost and high-voltage power grids. Also, we found these factors have the most significant impact on the first type of resource area，the smallest impact on the third type of resource area.

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To strengthen energy resiliency, a multi-objective optimization tool was developed, which can calculate optimum amounts to install distributed power generators as private power generation equipment which is available not only during an emergency situation but also during a normal situation. As distributed power generation equipment, cogeneration systems, photovoltaic system, and storage batteries were considered. The tool was developed based on our previous study and two objective functions were applied; one is the expected value of electric power shortage ratio after disasters as an index of the energy-resilience and the other is the total cost as an indicator of economic and environment. Then, case studies were performed considering several sizes and gas-supply pressure type of hospitals. As a result, reasonable Pareto-optimal solutions were obtained. For comparison, a case of an equivalent hospital only installed emergency generators were calculated, and the solution was plotted on the same plane of the objective functions. Therefore, the expected value of the power shortage rate after disasters was 32%. On the other hand, in all the case of the obtained optimal solutions, the expected value could be reduced to less than 20%. In addition, the total cost could also be reduced.

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To achieve a goal of CO₂ emissions reduction by 2030, the installation of high-efficiency energy supply equipment is progressing in Japan. Thus, many researchers have analyzed replacing scenario of such equipment that maximizes the effect of installing it. For example, the effects of efficiency and cost of energy supply equipment on diffusion process were reported. However, sensitivity analysis of scale of demand is insufficient. The purpose of this study is to derive the optimal configuration of energy systems in a household of the various scale of demand for the minimization of annual CO₂ emissions from 2016 to 2030. In addition, we analyze the effects of replacing year on CO₂ emissions from 2016 to 2030. As a result, polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is the optimal equipment reducing CO₂ emissions in regardless of the demand scale when CO₂ conversion factor of the electrical grid is 0.474 kg-CO₂/kWh. So as the heat pump water heater (HPWH) is the optimal equipment reducing CO₂ emissions regardless of the demand scale when CO₂ conversion factor of the electrical grid is 0.370 kg-CO₂/kWh. In addition, replacing gas boiler with HPWH and installation of photovoltaics can reduce approximately 60 % of CO₂ emissions in 2030.

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