In Myanmar, it is unclear how long the political turmoil caused by the military coup will last. However, one of the keys to sustainable economic development of the country and living standard improvement of the people continues to be tackling the increasing demand for electricity. This requires Myanmar’s government to construct an electricity supply system based on long-term planning and to consider the installation of international interconnection lines under the situation where many countries is starting to go forward to decarbonization. Therefore, this paper illustrates the preferable energy mix for Myanmar in 2050 from the perspective of the 3Es (economic efficiency, environmental sustainability and energy security) in multiple scenarios, setting different carbon prices and hydropower potentials for Myanmar. In conclusion, Myanmar should strongly promote hydropower development, including large-scale power plants, which will contribute to ensuring the 3Es, and also promote the development of international interconnection lines with neighboring Thailand, which will improve the fiscal revenue from the electricity export.

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In this study, assuming the power supply portfolio in Japan in 2050, we conducted a model analysis to achieve carbon neutrality while supplying the required amount of power. The energy model developed in this paper is an integrated model which combines an optimal power generation mix model and an econometric model. The results show considerable discrepancies between the “optimal” power generation mix in terms of total power system cost and that in terms of GDP. For example, in cases with possible new construction of nuclear power plants, the total system cost increases by JPY 1.6 trillion from a case with the hydrogen price at JPY 20/Nm³ to a case with the price at JPY 40/Nm³, while GDP decreases by JPY 0.9 trillion. This implies that low prices of imported fuels may result in the loss of national welfare, if they lead directly to increased imports of power generation fuels and declines in energy self-sufficiency.

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In recent years, the promotion of renewable energy systems and/or the higher efficiency power of fuel cells (FC) have been increasing due to the contribution to global warming. In general, the eco-friendly photovoltaic (PV) system has the characteristic of uncertain supply by uncontrollable climatic conditions. While on the demand side, the demand aspect would be the same situation because consumers' behaviors have several patterns. For these various situations, it is important to install renewable and/or FC systems that are applied for load leveling of demands. Because these strategies would reduce the operating cost and the eco-burdens at the same time. In this study, for the experimental facilities which have the multiple demands on the operation scenarios of PV, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell co-generation (SOFC-CGS), and power batteries, the optimal cost was discussed in terms of economy and LCA aspects in consideration of the performance degradation of SOFC-CGS or battery storage. As a result, reductions in operating costs and eco-burdens were achieved. For instance, In the annual power demand of 1 GWh with a power gap of 310 kW/yr, the cost reduction rate of approximately 2.0% was obtained even if the operating degradation was counted.

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In order to efficiently operate bench scale plant of electric arc furnace dust treatment process named the lime addition method using a rotary kiln, a simple mathematical model was developed to estimate heat transfer and reactions in the kiln. The simulated results matched well with the observed values, and the calculated volatilization rates of heavy metals and halogens in the kiln were in accord with the measured values. Some phenomena that could not be measured in this experiment were clarified by this simulation, for example, the temperature distribution in the kiln that controls the upper limit of volatilization rates of heavy metals and halogens, and the amount of combustion gas that controls the temperature distribution. Based on the simulated results, it became possible to consider the operating conditions of the rotary kiln in advance and to proceed the treatment efficiently. This model can be applied to the different reactions such as oxidizing and reducing atmosphere and new processes can be developed based on the lime addition method. Furthermore, it may be applied to kilns of commercial scale, the heat transfer and reactions in the Waelz kiln were accurately estimated.

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