The goal of the research was to investigate intercollegiate relationships as it related to basketball competition and the tactics used in Japan during the 1920s, which was just prior to the use of the off-ball screen, and then clarify the process leading to the incorporation of the off-ball screen.

The study results can be summarized as follows.

The mainstream of basket ball in Japan moved from the YMCA to such universities as Rikkyo University, Waseda University and Tokyo University of Commerce since 1923 and a tactics bargaining went on among those three universities. Around that time in Japan, a 3-2 zone defense was the main defense tactics but a man-to-man defense was used when there was a throw-in on the backcourt by an opposing team. On the other hand, in consideration of fewer total points scored by the offense in one game, an out-of-bounds play on the frontcourt for the offense had a high success rate for shooting because of the close vicinity of the goal. This was considered an important offense in spite of only having five or six scoring chances in a game. However, before the introduction of off-ball screen to Japan, the out-of-bounds play was simple, and it did not function effectively. In the meantime, ‘THE SCIENCE OF BASKETBALL’ written by Walter E. Meanwell, a coach at the University of Wisconsin in the United States was publication. Referring to an off-ball screen depicted in this book, Waseda University out of three universities engaging in strategic bargaining employed the off-ball screen at an out-of-bounds play.

This study investigated the relationships between habits (exercise and sleep) and physical abilities for behavioral health, and immunological defense for 300 elementary school children (166 boys and 134 girls). Measurement items that were used were a Total Mood Disturbances (TMD) score of Profile of Mood State (POMS), concentration of salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) as the parameters for immunological defense, and a physical performance test, (the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology parameters of physical ability) and a self-questionnaire regarding sleep and exercise habits.

As the results, physical performance tests in both boys and girls were related to the exercise habits, suggesting that the exercise habit was important for the improvement of physical ability for behavioral health. TMD in both boys and girls was also related to the quality of sleep and awaking time. In addition, TMD in girls was significantly associated with sleep time. However, SIgA level did not significant correlation with the factors of sleep and exercise. Above all, we suggest that to acquire the exercise habit in boys and girls of upper elementary grades and to improve the quality and time of sleep in girls were important for improving physical abilities for both behavioral health and immunological defense.

The purpose of this study clarifies ways of handling new extracurricular sport activities aiming to lead to life-long exercise. This study focused on junior high school students who joined an extracurricular sport activity club for the first time. We established one special club (one aiming for gaining physical strength) where they could choose exercises that would be suited to their individual physical ability. We studied and analyzed how it effects students’ interests and motivation about exercise, or the improvement of their physical strength after attending the extracurricular sport activities, utilizing the results of their fitness tests and surveys. As a result, in regards to students doing aerobic exercise, regular activities continuously done would improve their basic physical strength. In addition, their awareness (their likes or dislikes, what they were good at or bad at, or their motivation at doing various activities) to their overall well being seemed to be maintained even though the average scores for fitness activities decreased with age. As a conclusion of this study, we must state that doing “The Physical Strength Improvement Club”, which could accommodate students’ needs and the improvement of their physical strength and their life styles through attending this club, would increase the students’ core physical strength and broaden their own awareness about their physical well being.

This study aimed to clarify the expected professional duties and qualities and abilities of Health and Physical Education (HPE) teachers” by school principals. In order to collect the data, research requests were sent to 145 schools in seven prefectures and 126 school principals responded to survey. From previous studies, the current situations of HPE teachers have been considered to be biased towards the club activities instructions and student’s guidance rather than subject teaching, however, results of this study revealed that the expected professional duties of the HPE teachers by the school principals is for subject teaching. Furthermore, results indicated that the recognition of the “development or improvement of the plans of instructions and evaluations” and “interpretation and development of the teaching materials” that can be considered a center core of the subject teaching, have low tendency in the expected qualities and abilities of HPE teachers by school principals.

The purpose of this study was to compare and clarify the difference between the side-foot kicking motion of a soccer ball, passed from the right front side and the right back side. The subjects were 12 male university soccer players. They aimed their kick at a target located in the center of a soccer goal, which was about 7m away from the kicking spot. The ball was passed by a 2-railed 1.5-m-long ball-feeding machine. An optical motion capture system was used to record their kicking motions in this study. The characteristics of the side-foot soccer kicking motion in this study were as follows: 1) When the ball was passed from the right back side, the hip joint of the kicking leg was in flexion from the midpoint of the kicking motion. 2) When the ball was passed from the right back side, the hips were rotated.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relevance of a healthy exercise program for older adults who participated over a long period, as to their health maintenance and promotion of activities of daily living.

The 17 subjects in this study were from a suburban city in Japan, were aged 75 years of age and older, and had participated in a healthy exercise program that promoted activities of daily living and health maintenance, for over 20 years. The participants were not receiving long-term nursing care services.

The research analysis was conducted though the use of semi-structured interviews.

Although the older adults had a variety of chronic diseases, through their participation in the exercise program, exercise habits were established as part of their daily living, and resulted in a self-awareness of how to prevent falls.

The classes provided a place where participants took a growing interest in their own health and how to maintain it. From the start of the exercise classes, through their continuation, they allowed a place for friendships to form and community activities to develop. With participation in the healthy exercise program, through the activities of daily living, the subjects’ mind and body functions were enhanced.

The primary factors of participating over a long term were that the participants had a place to do the activity, a leader was present, an enthusiastic manager and circle of friends were present, which all contributed to the will of the subjects to continue in the program.

The objective of this research is 1) to define the meaning of a “Performance of Good Situational Decision-Making” in baseball considering The Scene, The Circumstances and The Object. 2) To consider the association between “Performance of Good Situational Decision-Making” in baseball and years of experience. The subjects were divided into two groups, one of 322 university students who belong to the All-Japan University Baseball Federation, and the other of 197 high school students who belong to the Japan High School Baseball Federation. Prior to the investigation, we carried out a descriptive survey of 35 coaches of baseball who coach junior high students up to university students, to elicit their ideas of how to play “Performance of Good Situational Decision-Making” in baseball. As a result, 5 items from 9 factors (The Scene for defense・batting・running, The Circumstances for difference in points, count and inning, The Object for Internal situation, analysis and external situation) were chosen and a questionnaire of 45 items was made. As a result, 1) After performing a factor analysis, 9 factors (The Scene for defense, batting and running, The Circumstances for difference in points, count and inning, The Object for Internal situation, analysis and external situation) were extracted. Three scale acted mutually. 2) The university student was superior to a high school student in all factors with the connection with the years of experience. There was no difference between the models of a university student and the high school student for “Performance of Good Situational Decision-Making” in baseball. In a word, “Performance of Good Situational Decision-Making” in baseball is thought to be what a precise play based on it can accomplish under every situation while grasping the necessary information, and predicting it.

In cold and snowy regions, the amounts of children’s physical activities tend to decline in winter seasons. Although there are many reports that tried to pursue what kind of factors have affected children’s physical activities in the cold regions, there were no reports that consider the children’s methods of going to kindergarten in winter. The purpose of this study was to analyze how the way to go to kindergarten affects on children’s amount of physical activities and their daily life in the kindergarten. 58 children (39 boys and 19 girls, 4–5 years old) participated in this study. Participants were divided to two groups; one was the walking group (coming to kindergarten by walking alone, or partial walking and a bus) and another was the car-using group (coming to the kindergarten by parents’ car). In order to measure the amount of physical activities, their number of steps was counted by pedometers in their kindergarten life. Their number of steps was recorded every hour from the start of kindergarten until the end. ANCOVA (covariates: sex) was used to compare the total number of steps of two groups. As a result, the total numbers of steps of walking group were significantly higher than the number of steps of the car-using group. Moreover, the steps of walking group had few changes in the afternoon, but the steps of car-using group decreased in the afternoon. According to these results, the way of commuting to kindergarten in winter could affect kindergarteners’ total amount of physical activities and their life styles in the kindergarten.

[Objectives]

This purpose of the present study was to elucidate the relationship between lifestyle and locomotive syndrome motor index in outpatients at a Japanese-style osteopathic therapy clinic(Sekkotsu-In).

[Methods]

We enrolled 13 volunteers(age 67.9±13.5 years)at a Japanese-style osteopathic therapy clinic(Sekkotsu-In)in the South Nagano region in November 2013, and performed locomotive syndrome motor tests including the handgrip, stand-up, and 2-step tests. In addition, two questionnaires were administered: the locomo-25 questionnaire and a lifestyle questionnaire. A food frequency questionnaire was completed in an interview with the participants. All data were analyzed by principal component analysis, following multiple regression stepwise analysis.

[Result]

Three component patterns were identified. Component 1 was labeled “motor ability for anti-locomotive syndrome,” and showed a positive association with exercise and recognition of locomotive syndrome. Component 2(consisting of handgrip, gender and BMI)was connection to some nutrient, and component 3(similar to the locomo 25- questionnaire score)was associated with well-balanced meal intake.

[Conclusion]

Our data indicated a strong association between lifestyle and locomotive syndrome motor index. Therefore, managing the health class(food and/or exercise education)and popularization of locomotive syndrome at a Japanese-style osteopathic therapy clinic(Sekkotsu-In)might be necessary for preventive locomotive syndrome in community dwelling elderly people.

To investigate the current situations of skiing and snowboarding lessons, questionnaires were sent to 1055 higher educational institutions around the country, and 491 responses were obtained. The results showed that 39.5% of the institutions offer classes in either skiing, snowboarding or both, and that approximately 9,800 students took part in those classes in total. The venue appeared to have been chosen based on the evaluations of the skiing/snowboarding sites, and the major factor affecting the decision revealed to be the teachers’ experience of visits to those sites. Most respondents were satisfied with the sites of their choice, which might be related to the fact that the sites were selected by the teachers in charge. While 54 schools gave skiing instruction by their own teachers, a relatively small number of snowboarding classes were taken care of by their own teachers: only one school for snowboarding-only class, and 18 cases where both skiing and snowboarding were taught. This finding implies the further need of improving the instructional snowboarding skills of teachers.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure the burden caused by exercise and to investigate its reliability and validity. In addition, we examined the score for the burden caused by exercise in different stages of change for exercise.

Method: A questionnaire survey was conducted for 388 participants (male 157, female 231; mean age 46.73 years, SD=12.24). The questionnaire consists of 11 items regarding four types of burden, i.e., psychological, physical, economical and existential burdens.

Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the list of items has a three-factor structure including “negative consciousness toward exercise”, “difficulty with physical exercise” and “time burden”. The reliability of the scale (α=.738–.781) was confirmed. Correlation coefficient analysis to examine criterion-related validity indicated that the scale for the burden caused by exercise positively correlated with costs (cons) in decisional balance for exercise and negatively correlated with outcome expectations for exercise. Confirmatory factor analyses to examine consistency validity revealed that acceptable fit indices were GFI=.928, AGFI=.884, CFI=.914 and RMSEA=.087. For the subscale score for the burden caused by exercise, we conducted a one-way layout ANOVA using the stage of change for exercise behavior as the independent variable. The results indicated that the score for the burden caused by exercise was higher in the regression stage than in the progressing stage for both males and females.

Conclusion: The results suggested the reliability and validity of the scale for the burden caused by exercise and revealed the difference in burden felt at different stages of change for exercise behavior.