The Japanese government started the “Sport for Tomorrow” (SFT) programme in the preparation for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics/Paralympics bidding. Although the Japanese government planned international contributions through this programme in the area of “Sport for Development and Peace” (SDP), with special focus on the developing countries, the few experiences Japan has had remain disorganized.

The purpose of this study is to clarify some obstacles to promoting SDP by Japan. For that, we review the SDP movement in international society and in Japan historically from the perspectives of researches and field activities by such as UNs, governmental development organizations, and NGOs.

Taking a general view of SDP in Japan, we found the number of people involved was limited and SDP research is somewhere between sport sciences and development studies. Several activities have taken place such as symposiums and conferences, but the SDP has not achieved a solid position, neither in the academic nor in the development fields.

For the success of the SFT programme, we need to achieve a common understanding of SDP status for post 2020. Additionally, the role of the SFT committee should be clarified. If the SFT committee can function to match development agencies, companies, NGOs, universities, and local governments, they can start collaborative work as a part of the SFT programme.

The target of the SFT programme will be mainly in developing areas, which have limited budgetary, human and instrumental resources. Working in such limited circumstances will offer some hints as to how to develop the Japanese sport scene itself.

Purpose: To examine the relationship between blood lactate concentrations (BLC) immediately after competitive long-distance running races (5000m, 10000m, and half-marathon) and the race time in representative runners of the Tokyo-Hakone Round-Trip College EKIDEN Race from 2009 to 2011.

Methods: The total number of subjects was 111 in this study. In each subject, the final time of the official long-distance running races (5000m [n=37], 10000m [n=45] and half-marathon [n=29]) and the lap time per 1000m of every 5000m and 10000m race and the lap time per 5 km of every half-marathon race were recorded. Immediately after the races, blood samples were collected from the subjects’ fingertips to examine the BLC levels.

Results: A significant negative relationship was observed between the race record for each subject and the BLC values in the 5000m (r=0.628, p=0.01), 10000m (r=0.784, p=0.01), and half-marathon (r=0.706, p=0.01) races.

Conclusions: Long-distance runners with relatively high performance levels (e.g., 10000m record: approximately 28 minutes) must have a tolerance capability towards higher BLC values in order to enhance the athletic ability more effectively. The introduction of training program to maintain higher BLC levels compared with previously reported BLC levels is necessary to improve the ability to maintain high speeds in competitive long-distance runners.

It is an important factor for athletes to consume nutrients according to their training plan. However, college students tend to face financial difficulties in improving intake of nutrients. Therefore, this study was intended as an investigation of the feasibility of a nutrition management system which improves nutrient consumption without an increased financial burden to realize ideal nutritional support.

Fourteen male collegiate weightlifters (age=20.7±1.1 years) including two national junior elite lifters who lived in their dormitory were recruited for this study. Nutritional management system was implemented in a dormitory where only target athletes live. Before and after the introduction of a nutrition management system, we conducted a questionnaire to know their dietary awareness and habits as well as nutrient education for weightlifting athlete, and also measured body composition.

The result of this study was that their dietary awareness including consumption of vegetables, fruits, and nutritious diets significantly improved after the system was adoption. Subjects consumed fruits, vegetables, seaweeds, and mushrooms more frequently. This means that their intake of nutrients, such as proteins, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, increased. This was important for improving their weight lifting performance.

It seems reasonable to suppose that a nutrition management system which can clarify the roles of food service companies, cooks, and dietitians to promote cooperation is useful for nutrition support of collegiate athletes in dormitory living.

The author has examined the systemization of Japanese basketball tactics in the beginning of the Showa period, based on the book “Shido Rokyu no Riron to Jissai (Theory and Practice of Basketball Coaching)” (1930) by Sang-Beck Lee.

Upon examining the tactics of basketball in the beginning of the Showa period, it became clear that systemization had begun even before Jack Gardner was invited from America to hold courses in 1933. The word “system” was mentioned in a technical book on basketball in 1928, and in 1930, Sang-Beck Lee himself made mention of his plans of systemization of basketball tactics.

One background aspect of the systemization of tactics in the beginning of the Showa period is the change of tactics into five-man offense and defense during this period.

In addition, Sang-Beck Lee criticized the basketball tactics used around 1930 as “selfish plays” and “very undisciplined.” That he criticized the games in this way was surely not due to a hesitation to incorporate personal techniques into the tactics, but because he understood that putting personal techniques to good use made for high-quality tactics.

This study aimed to clarify the reality of skiing for the public in the late Taisho period to early Showa period with the magazine Asahi Sports as a main historical material. The contents clarified through this study can be categorized into the followings:

(1) The Ski movie of Hannes Schneider is an Austrian ski instructor starring transformed general ski techniques in Japan into ones for general skiers to acquire more easily.

(2) Other purposes of skiing for most city-dwellers were to escape from the bustle of the city and stay in the nature. However, there were many cases where people brought their senses directly to the ski resort because of the increasing number of skiers from cities.

(3) The increasing number of woman skiers contributed to the culture of sports for family, and sports become a part of family life. Also, woman were less actively participating in sports at that time, but journalisms responded positively to the female skiers and frequently covered it.

(4) For ski styles, various proper names were used other than main ones such as “ski mountaineering,” “ski tour,” and“ slop ski,” but their actual contents belonged to one of the three styles above.

(5) Ski mountaineers consisted of former mountaineers and skiers. For skiers, this style was the most difficult one except competitions. Also, the first priority was placed on reaching the summit as the purpose.

(6) Ski tours were sometimes confused with ski mountaineering, but the purpose of the ski tour was to walk in the fields while the background of ski mountaineering was mountaineering, so the ski tours were done irrespective of the heights of mountains or the angles of the slopes.

(7) Slope skis, due to many ski resorts easily accessible from each city, had some factors as an entrance for new skiers, so ski resorts were increasingly popular in the early Showa period.

In this study, we examined the psychological-competitive ability of male and female rugby football players affiliated with the Kanto rugby football Federation, applying the Diagnostic Inventory of Psychological-Competitive Ability for Athletes (DIPCA-3). Focusing specifically on sexual difference, enhancements and support of rugby football athletes from a psychological-competitive ability perspective were investigated.

The findings were as follow. (1) In rugby football, the women were higher in mental stability and concentration, cooperativeness than the men. Also, the men were higher in strategic ability than the women. (2) In the 12 scales of DIPCA, the male players were higher in intention to win and judgement than the female players. And the female players were higher in patience, self-control, concentration and cooperativeness than the male players. (3) For the university students, the female players were higher in mental stability and concentration, cooperativeness than the male players. (4) In the 12 scales of DIPCA, the female university players were higher in patience, concentration and cooperativeness than the male university players.

The above findings may contribute to improving the competitive ability of male and female rugby football players.

The purpose of this study is to obtain basic data of female rugby football players by clarifying the difference in psychological-competitive ability of Japan National Team players and lower level players. This will focus attention on their experience of national team participation and careers.

The psychological-competitive ability diagnostic test(DIPCA.3) was given to 87 female players. The results are as follows.

Players with representative experience have a fighting spirit in addition to self-confidence; besides this they have an excellent capability to assess the game situation. Furthermore, the higher the competitive level of the women athlete, there was a trend for a characteristic of a higher level of fighting spirit.

This study demonstrates that long-time career players have self-confidence when they execute plays, besides having the experience to accurately assess the game situation. However, there are few source materials regarding female rugby football players, so additional research is needed.

Deliberate practice has been believed to be the determinant of the elite performance in many fields including sports. Sport universities which aim at high performance achievements need to consider how deliberate practice of their athletes can be secured. In the present study, voices of student athletes (n=324) were collected with a questionnaire and analyzed qualitatively. The total number of meaning units was 518. The seven main categories, i.e., effective coaching, environmental improvement, creating a better team culture, developing athlete’s character, reviewing life style, balance between academics and sports, financial status, were yielded. From the view point of coaching, the issues raised cannot be solved with the current knowledge and skills coaches have, which implies the necessity of helping coaches to develop their coaching skills by creating new learning opportunities for them.

In this study, the first purpose was to examine whether the improvement of recognition improved throwing movement. Another purpose, was to examine the impact of watching self-movement to gain self-improvement.

Subjects included 18 university students aged 20.8±0.5 years. Subjects were asked to sit down on a chair and throw a tennis ball using their non-dominant arm as a pretest. Afterwards they answered a questionnaire in relation to how they felt about their own movement while throwing. Then, the subjects were randomly assigned to two groups, named the video group and the control group. The video group was instructed on four points of throwing movement while watching a video of their own movement and the control group was only given verbal instruction. The four points of movement based on the time when the maximum horizontal abduction is obtained within the shoulder joint during throwing were the ① height of the elbow, ② openness of the chest, ③ twist of the body, ④kinetic chain. After instruction, the subjects threw a tennis ball and answered a questionnaire again as posttest. Their movements were analyzed using a three-dimensional movement analysis system (Venus 3D, Tokyo).

As to the results, the subjects who improved their recognition of what is needed to have good throwing technique, as measured by the questionnaire, for ① height of elbow ② openness of the chest and ③ twist of the body, improved their movement significantly in the posttest. Moreover, the number of subjects who were able to recognize the movement points increased in the video group. In the present study, the throwing movement improved when the subjects improved recognition of their own movement. Therefore, by seeing one’s own movement in a video, the possibility of improving throwing technique was recognized.

This study investigated and analyzed spectator motivation for Hiroshima Toyo Carp fans who watched baseball games at the stadium once or more in the 2014 season and it showed what kind of factors are important to watch at the stadium. In addition to that, it indicated the character of the Carp fan on the basis of the tendency which was found from each factor and was considered an aspect of future management strategy.

The results for spectator motivation to attend games showed the tendency that the score of “Achievement” and “Entertainment” were higher regardless of gender or the number of games attended. A sense of achievement attained from their team’s victory, and fun and entertainment by watching the baseball game were important as a spectator motivation. However, “Escape,” “Knowledge,” “Social Interaction,” and “Team Affiliation” did not show too high a score. In view of these results, it was inferred that to escape from everyday life, to obtain a knowledge of baseball, to interact with friends through a baseball game, and to feel the sense of unity with the fan team were not necessarily important as a spectator motivation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of wearing compression sportswear during light exercise to promote recovery from fatigue after physical activity. Five male college students participating in futsal or soccer were recruited in this study. Pre-test levels (Sprint ability, muscle strength of the knee, intermittent endurance) were measured after regular team practices. Participants then performed 10-minute light exercise with or without wearing the compression sportswear. Post-test levels were measured after the exercise with a few hours break. Sprint time improved significantly (showed a decrease) (Pre: 6.91± 0.17 sec, Post: 6.83±0.18 sec, p<0.05), and muscle strength and intermittent endurance recovered as well in the group wearing the compression sportswear. The above findings suggest that wearing compression sportswear during light exercise after a work-out is useful for facilitating recovery from fatigue.

[Objective]

Even though a dietary survey is one of the most effective tools for sports nutritionists to manage an athletes’ nutritional balance, not all athletes can receive a dietary survey. This study is to perform nutritional management on high school baseball players who could not receive a dietary survey about weight gain. The results indicate cases in which increase in weight was achieved within a reasonable range.

[Methods]

We provided modified nutritional management for 22 high school baseball players in the South Nagano region of Japan for three months during their off-season. Our nutritional support was added to their original dietary plan and it had three main components. Firstly, fish and vegetables plus 10–20 g of white rice were added to their original 230 gram portion. Secondly, 15 to 20 minutes of an instruction on nutrition was given once a week. Finally, we asked for parents’ cooperation to prevent the subject athletes from eating less at home.

[Results]

The 22 high school baseball players were able to gain 1.9 kilograms on average in three months with our nutritional support. Because their body fat percentage during this period hardly changed (only 0.1% of gain), it was thought to be due to increases in their lean body weight. Our principal component analysis revealed that their interest in vital minerals, the fourth major component, was significantly increased, especially among baseball players with a lighter weight. This had a positive correlation to their weight gain.

[Conclusion]

Our result shows that even though the baseball players could not receive a dietary survey, consuming 230 grams of cooked rice after their practice for three months helped them increase their weight. In addition, fish and vegetables that we used for the mixed rice have a high mineral content, which might be good education materials as side-dish for high school baseball players.

In this study, we examined the effectiveness of a teaching method used with a combined class of 5th and 6th grade students, in which the teacher taught using two net-type lessons simultaneously with a different lesson for each grade. Analysis was carried out using descriptions from student’s study cards, video images and sounds recorded by an IC recorder.

The results showed that the 5^th grade students could play their own role in the game and the 6^th grade students were able to attack using the “intentional set” with their hand signs or gestures. By the videos and audio, we confirmed that the students could study their learning task autonomously even in the learning scenes divided for each grade.

In conclusion, learning results were confirmed for each grade following their different learning tasks, suggesting the effectiveness for net-type ball games based lessons for a mixed-grade class.