This research was undertaken in order to apply the Leadership Scale for Sports created by Chelladurai et al. (1980) to compare Japanese leaders with Korean and Italian leaders to clarify the characteristics of Japanese leaders. The Leadership Scale for Sports, created by Chelladurai et al. (1980), consists of five factors, “Training and Instruction,” “Autocratic Behavior,” “Democratic Behavior,” “Social Support,” and “Positive Feedback” (40 items), as variables that can be measured to evaluate the behavior of leaders in sports. The survey was conducted using questionnaire items translated into the native languages of the participants. The participants were all university students: 833 individuals who had experience with Japanese leaders, 262 who had experience wit Korean leaders, and 139 who had experience with Italian leaders. The results of the survey clarified the following three characteristics of Japanese leaders.

1. The “Training and Instruction” factor was more evident than in other countries.

2. The relationship between the “Positive Feedback” factor and the “Training and Instruction” factor was weaker than in other countries.

3. The relationship between the “Democratic Behavior” factor and the “Training and Instruction” factor was stronger than in other countries.

The purpose of this study was to reveal the underlying inconsistency of the difficulty element of jump performance in competative aerobic gymnastics. Aerobic gymnastics have diverted a lot of jump elements from men & women’s artistic gymnastics but athletes are going competitions having different sense of the rules. Especially, there are many differences in jump elements difficulty scores and if athletes want to score higher marks, their jumps would be same. Not only judge but also the International Gymnastics Federation(FIG) do not desire this situation and it is not appropriate difficulty limitation for juniors. It would be possible to develop short and long term in scoring competitive sports by having interviews with FIG technical committee. Rule suitability and training methods are very important for performance enhancement and this study would help these subjects.

It is recommended that preschool children perform at least 60 minutes of physical activity per day. However, preschool children in nursery schools have a lot of sedentary action time even during the an exercise program. This study aimed to clarify physical activity intensity and activity time during the exercise program in the room, and the 2nd aim of this study is to indicate the reference value of moderate intensity and vigorous intensity of physical activity using running. The target group was selected as the 5 year-old class attending a nursery school (8 boys and 8 girls). The targeted exercise program is to imitate an animal movement and skip in sync with music. Physical activity intensity, activity time and the number of steps during the exercise program were measured using Lifecorder. Physical activity intensity by the Lifecorder was evaluated as 0–3 as low intensity, 4–6 as moderate intensity, 7–9 as vigorous intensity. Low intensity %time in the exercise program was 87.1±1.8% for boys, and 87.4±1.0% girls, respectively. Moderate intensity %time in the exercise program was 3.0±0.8% for boys, and 2.3±0.7% girls, respectively. And, vigorous intensity % time in the exercise program was 9.9±1.1% for boys, and 10.3±0.6% girls, respectively. From the above, it was suggested that moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity by the targeted exercise program implementation is less than 15% of exercise program time. Furthermore, the running speed evaluated as moderate intensity in preschool children was estimated to be 1.83 m/sec (50% of maximum speed). In addition, the running speed evaluated as high intensity was estimated to be 3.25 m/sec (70–80% of maximum speed). These results suggested that the reference value of the physical activity intensity is considered to be effective for the evaluation of the physical activity intensity of preschool children within daily activities.

In this research, in order to clarify the factors leading to athletes’ strengthening of their Sense of Coherence (SOC), the objective was to explore how Olympic athletes deal with difficulties.

The Olympic wrestling group was made up of 3 men (31.3±0.9 years old) who had Olympic wrestling experiance. The comparison group was made up of 7 males and 3 females (19.5±1.2 years old) who belong to a university wrestling team and are non-Olympic athletes. A quantitative survey using a SOC questionnaires and a qualitative survey using a semi structured interview technique were used to clarify factors leading to a strengthening of SOC. In the quantitative survey, the Olympic athletes’ SOC score was 68.0 (±7.8) points on average and the non-Olympic athletes’ average was 53.3 (±8.6) points.

In the qualitative study, the main distinction is that the Olympic group had an improved sense of manageability [Self-solving] [Utilization of Resources] which is an element of SOC. The Non-Olympians showed that [regret] which is also an element of SOC, possibly decreased their sense of a meaningful experiance.

In order to properly deal with times where athletes are in difficult situations, it is necessary to provide a consistent experience relating to competition and guidance, with a viewpoint that emphasizes athletes’ decision making, while setting up an environment where people and physical resources can always be mobilized.

OBJECTIVE: This study, we examined the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and the menstrual cycle and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene Bsm1 polymorphism in female athletes.

METHODS: Subjects were 100 female athletes belonging to eight types of competitive sports (age 19.9±0.7 year). Subjects were monitored for menstrual cycles over 6 months. From the obtained data, the subjects with the longest cycle of 39 days or more were classified into menstrual cycle abnormal group (MA), and those with menstrual cycle of 25 to 38 days were regarded as menstrual cycle normal group (MN). BMD measures whole body, lumbar spine L2–4 and femoral neck by double X-ray absorption measurement method (DXA). VDR gene Bsm1 polymorphism (rs 1544410) was analyzed by PCRRFLP method.

RESULTS: In lumbar spine BMD, MA showed significantly lower value than MN. In body composition, MA showed significantly lower values of body weight, BMI, %fat, fat mass, and nonfat mass than in the MN. Body composition was associated with factors of the menstrual cycle, but it was not related to the vitamin D receptor gene Bsm1 polymorphism. Regarding the lumbar spine BMD, in the MN, the Bb type of VDR gene Bsm1 polymorphism was significantly higher than that of the bb type, and among the Bb type, the MA was significantly lower than the MN.

CONCLUSION: It is considered that prolonging the menstrual cycle in female athlete may adversely affect maintenance of bone mass. In particular, in the case of female athlete who had expression of Bb type of VDR gene Bsm1 polymorphism, it was suggested that menstrual cycle abnormality might have a high risk of adverse effect on lumbar spine BMD.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of the ingestion of brown rice powder on the antioxidant capacity of long distance runners.Fourteen long distance runners were randomly divided into two groups; a brown rice group (seven members) and a placebo group (seven members). In the brown rice group, capsules containing brown rice powder were taken three times a day (about 1.75±0.04 g/day during breakfast, lunch, dinner). They were taken for 6 weeks. Meanwhile, the same capsule containing starch was also administered to the placebo group for the same time period. In addition, consideration was given so that individual subjects could not recognize whether they were members of the brown rice powder intake group or the placebo group throughout the intake period (a single blind test). The results showed that the biological anti-oxidant potential (BAP) of the brown rice group increased significantly compared with placebo group (p<0.05). From these results, it appeared that ingestion of about 1.75g of brown rice powder per day for about 6 weeks affected the BAP of the male long-distance athlete. This suggests that ingestion of brown rice powder may suppress the decline in BAP due to practice. In the future, however, it is desirable to investigate by increasing the number of subjects or prolonging the intake period. This research suggested that ingestion of brown rice powder suppressed the decrease in BAP due to practice.

The purpose of the paper is to clarify how the internationalization program through sports influences the personality change of college students.

In the research method, in order to examine the influence of personality change, a questionnaire sheet by the Ten Item Personality Inventory in Japanese (TIPI-J) was conducted before and after the program for the program participants.

As a result, the personality changes of each program did not have the same tendency. However, regarding “neurosis tendency,” a relaxation tendency was observed with all programs.

From the results of this study, we considered that we can contribute to personality change of university students by linking extracurricular activities through sports with internationalization as part of university education reform.

The present study aims to examine the teaching concepts of Hironoshin Furuhashi by conducting an analysis of swimming textbooks which were published in 1952 and 1966. The following conclusions were obtained.

Furuhashi won worldwide fame in competative swimming, but, he had the viewpoint not only to swim, but to expand the popularity of swimming by expanding the swimming population.

Through all movement (leg and arm, breathing, combination, start, turn of the freestyle), the swimming textbooks written by Furuhashi has no description about above-ground exercises and uses a large number of figures, lists, and photographs, that occupies a large portion of the page.

These results suggested that Furuhashi did not instruct merely swimming and practice methods, but emphasized that readers could learn swimming voluntarily and could reflect on their own swimming method as being important.

This work studies the role of aid in promoting a sense of self-reliance among refugees and thus reducing the burden on asylum countries. It is thought that asylum countries’ increasing acceptance of refugees can increase the number of refugee-related demands. In the case of refugee camps, sports activities have been used to promote self-reliance among refugee youth through life skills education. This paper aims to clarify the ideal way to support education through sports in refugee camps in order to implement activities that promote a sense of self-reliance among refugees.

The study took place from September 2015 to December 2015 by Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) in the Zaatari Refugee Camps in Jordan. As a result the members of CBPR recognized the issues in the refugee camp, were able to use grassroots methods to implement education activities with a sense of ownership through CBPR, such as sharing education and youth related issues. However, they could not approach and try to solve the issues because they were pursued by evaluators and inspectors.

This study shows that aid organizations tend to implement temporary sports events and evaluate their effect in order to fulfill their accountability requirements to donors. This does not promote refugees’ self-reliant behavior, which enable them to analyze local issues and take action even while being extremely vulnerable. In other words, providing educational support through sports in refugee camps, the ideal is not to give the aid to refugees, but to arrange a mechanism which refugees can make the own program by themselves. That is effective for local educational programs and it would contribute towards fostering a sense of independence and ownership in refugees.