China’s low public awareness of sports consumption has constrained its development and expansion. To increase the awareness of sports consumption, the factors of consumers’ purchasing decisions must be investigated. However, from a micro perspective on individual sports consumers, factors of their purchase decision-making remain unknown. Most previous studies have been interpretive analyses of concepts and current conditions and discussed from the macro perspective of countries and regions. Therefore, this study explores the factors of purchase decision-making from individual sports consumers. In addition, the study was conducted by age group of the 20s and other generations.

This study developed a questionnaire and surveyed the general public in China. The factor analysis was conducted by SPSS statistics and obtained the following results. ①As a result of clarifying the factors that influence consumers’ purchasing decisions regarding current sports consumption in China, it was found that there are three factors: the “Expectation and Environment” factor, the “Transmission and Support” factor, and the “product” factor. The mutual inter-factor correlations are positive, and other generations are higher than the 20s, suggesting the 20s are more independent. ②When formulating policies to stimulate sports consumption in the future, it will be adequate to take measures according to the characteristics of each age group. It would be practical to establish and promote product-related efforts to sports consumers in their 20s. ③In China’s structural pattern of sports consumption, the proportion of spectatorial and participatory sports consumption is increased. This indicated that it is desirable to emphasize spectatorial and participatory sports consumption, which involves purchasing services and use of facilities, to promote overall future sports consumption.

For the present research, a study was conducted with rapidly growing late adolescent high school athletes with the aim of understanding basic data such as pre- and post- exercise physical measurements, body metabolism, and examining the effects of fatty acid intake on exercise performance. The participants (n=24; male=11, female=13) in the study were first- and second-year high school students who belong to their school’s basketball club.

Data collection in the study consisted of the participant’s physical measurements and blood test, and their Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) before and after exercise. The exercise intensity was calculated using the Metabolic Equivalents (METs) of daily club activities. The participants completed a dietary intake survey using Brief-type self-administered Diet History Questionnaire for 15-years-olds (BDHQ15y).The participants also completed a physical measurements and blood test, and a Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) before and after exercise. We investigated the effect of a 2-week regiment of food containing medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and long-chain triglycerides (LCT).

Results of the study showed significantly higher values Creatine Kinase (CK) after the 2-week period. Participants also showed no significant difference between males and females students before and after. No severe adverse effects were observed.

In conclusion, this study suggests that MCT intake up to 6 g/day is safe for high school students. Further study will be needed to show it’s effectiveness in reducing muscle fatigue.

This study focused on verbal expressions and instructions used by goalkeepers (GKs) during games in the introductory phase of their training. Specifically, it aimed to clarify the process through which GKs form their ability to give instructions by comparing the number and content of instructions given by GKs in the U-11 and U-12 age groups. The research subjects were 64 GKs who belong to a youth soccer club in the Sanyo region of Japan. The key results of our analysis of GK utterances, based on transcripts created from video recordings of games, are as follows:

1. Instructions related to attack and defense were grouped into seven categories, respectively. In regards to instructions related to both attack and defense, a high proportion were given to players directly involved with the ball.

2. The number of instructions was higher among GKs from the U-12 group in comparison to the U-11 group. Moreover, in both the age groups, GKs gave more instructions in the early stages of the game, compared to the middle and late stages.

3. Regarding the content of instructions, U-11 GKs gave a higher proportion of instructions to the defense and tended to concentrate on defense-related instructions more than U-12 GKs. In the case of both attacking and defensive instructions, a higher proportion of instructions were given to players directly involved with the ball during play. Conversely, instructions given to players directly involved with the ball tended to concentrate on off-ball players.

This suggests that when GKs in the U-12 age group are being trained in their ability to give instructions, they should not only pay attention to the number of instructions they give but also strive to offer instructions appropriate to the situation, deploying effective guidance that reflects a sophisticated understanding based on thought and judgment developed in daily training and games.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of low bone mineral density (BMD) risk factors and vitamin D receptor (VDR) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) gene polymorphisms on annual changes in BMD in collegiate female athletes. Participants were 239 female athletes belonging to a physical education university and were monitored about menstruation and injury for one year. A total of 173 participants (72.4%) were included in the statistical analysis because they completed all data. Total body, lumbar spine, and femoral neck BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at start of the experiment and one year later. VDR gene ApaI (rs7975232), TaqI (rs731236), and FokI (rs2228570) and ERα gene PvuII (rs2234693) and XbaI (rs9340799) polymorphisms were analyzed by TaqMan probe method. Multiple regression analysis performed for independent variables as BMI, menstrual cycle, stress fracture, sports type, and gene polymorphism and dependent variables as annual changes in each BMD site. Multiple regression analysis revealed that menstrual cycle and sports type were robust independent variables for lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD, respectively (β=−0.161, P=0.034; β=−0.184, P=0.016, respectively).These indicated that participants with amenorrhea were significant reduced lumbar spine BMD (−1.9%), and participation in endurance, aquatic, and esthetic type sports were significant reduced femoral neck BMD (−1.8%). In contrast, there were no significant differences in annual changes in BMD between any gene polymorphism and there were no interactions between low BMD risk factors and any gene polymorphisms. It suggests that annual changes in BMD in college female athletes may be reduced by amenorrhea and participating in endurance, aquatic and esthetic type sports, and may be unaffected by VDR gene ApaI, TaqI, and FokI and also ERα gene PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms in collegiate female athletes.

This study investigated the relationship between swim speed, blood lactate concentration, and stroke index by evaluating the 5 km Open Water Swimming Simulated Race (5 km OWSSR) and Lactate Curve Test (LCT) results. Four males and two females performed both tests in a 50 m pool. The 5 km OWSSR course was 120 m per lap. The LCT comprised 400 m with gradual, incremental increases in speed. We measured the natural swimming speed, the swimming speeds at 2 and 4 mmol/l blood lactate concentrations, stroke time, stroke rate (SR),and stroke length. The mean 5 km OWSSR swim speed (1.29±0.04 m/s) significantly differed from the equivalent LCT swim speeds at blood lactate levels of 2 mmol/l (1.21±0.06 m/s) and 4 mmol/l (1.36±0.07 m/s).Also, the 5 km OWSSR mean swim speed significantly correlated with the equivalent LCT swim speed at a blood lactate level of 4 mmol/l. The 5 km OWSSR SR from 1500 to 4500 m did not differ, indicating that the SR during 5 km OWSSR was higher early on in the swim. These results suggest that speed training with a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/l and instructing swimmers to increase their SR are effective coaching strategies to improve the 5 km open water swim time.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between physical ability, table tennis performance test scores, and competitive performance in 10 male collegiate table tennis players who specialize in an attack style of drives. The table tennis players participated in a league match and based on the results, they were ranked from 1st to 10th. Grip strength, back strength, sit-up, sit and reach, 1500 m running, standing broad jump, whole-body reaction time, and three types of side steps (short, middle, wide) were performed to assess their physical ability. Three types of performance tests were performed to assess the table tennis performance.

The results are as follows;

1. There was a significant negative correlation between the rankings obtained from the league match and short size side steps (r=−0.670, p<0.05).

2. There were significant negative correlations between the rankings obtained from the league match and performance tests 1, 2 and 3 (r=−0.766, p<0.01; r=−0.904, p<0.01; r=−0.850, p<0.01; respectively).

3. There was a significant negative correlation between the performance test 2 and short size side steps (r=−0.782, p<0.01).

From these results it appears that quick movements within a short distance may lead to improved table tennis competitive performance.

The anemia symptom in various athletes is well-known to occur by long-term training, the shock to a sole and sweating, and also related with the insufficient of several nutritional factors. But there are some things not known. In this study,all 78 female students of basketball club in high school were conducted their physical measurement, blood biochemical test, food frequency method, and also examined several nutritional factors involved in the development of anemia. Anemia was detected approximately 20% of all tested female basketball player and this incidence rate was similar to those of other female sports. The energy and intake nutrients in iodine, β-carotene, a folate intake were low level,as compared with those of non-anemia group. Our results presented here clearly showed that the intake of optimal energy and iodine and vitamin C an effective for the suppression and the symptom improvement in the anemia onset of female athletes.

This study aimed to examine the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) following resistance exercises with a maximum number of repetitions at different intensities. Ten healthy, trained men performed three sets of resistance exercises, which consisted of bench presses, deadlifts, and squats, on three separate occasions that differed in exercise intensity. During each exercise session, the participants performed 50%, 70%, or 90% of one repetition maximum (1RM). All exercises were performed with maximum repetitions. Expiration and heart rate were monitored continuously throughout the exercise sessions and for 120 min after the sessions had concluded. The exercise volume, mean heart rate, total oxygen consumption, and total energy expenditure during exercise were highest with 50% of 1RM and lowest with 90% of 1RM (P<0.05). For all three intensity levels, oxygen consumption was significantly higher throughout the 120 min following exercise than it was at rest (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the total EPOC between the three levels. The results of this study suggest that exercise intensity and volume may not have a significant effect on EPOC in resistance exercise with maximum repetition.