The present study examined whether body composition and physical fitness differed depending on changes in sports club (SC) activity from junior high school onwards in male high school students, whose situations in sports activities tend to change.

The subjects were first-year students attending all boys’ high schools. They measured height, weight, BMI, body fat, and muscle percentage. In addition, they underwent the new physical fitness test; the total score was used as an index of physical fitness. Furthermore, to investigate sports activity, we investigated whether or not they participated in SC activity during their junior high school years and at the time of the survey (June of the first year of high school).Subjects were divided according to their SC activity experience and put into a non-participation group for not participating in either junior and high school (n=60), a junior high school participation group (n=344), a high school participation group (n=8), or a participation group for participating in both junior and high school (n=443). We conducted an analysis of variance to examine in the three groups excluding the high school participation group, the relationship between SC activity and body composition and physical fitness.

The participation group had significantly lower body fat percentage and significantly higher muscle percentage than the non-participation group and the junior high school participation group. On the other hand, physical fitness was significantly higher in the participation group than in the junior high school participation group, and significantly lower in the non-participation group compared to any other group.

SC activity for adolescents was shown to be beneficial for body composition and physical fitness. In particular, it was suggested that it is more important to continuously participate in SC activity rather than just one activity such as junior high school or high school.

Introduction:The purpose of this study was to deepen our understanding of how the judo therapy education system was developed during the Meiji and Taisho periods and to provide fundamental knowledge to elucidate the history of the formation of the judo therapy education system.

Results:This study clarified the following three points.

First, during the Meiji period, the spread of this practical method and bone setting was part of this effort. The spread of sekkotsu-jutsu was intended as a continuation of traditional jujutsu.

Second, during the Meiji and Taisho periods, the traditional sekkotsu-jutsu (techniques) diverged from jujutsu and became judo therapy (1920),which was used by judo instructors.

And this decision was supported by the Dainihon Shidokai, a group of Tokyo-based judo dojo masters.

Third, during the Taisho period, they insisted on the effectiveness of bloodless therapy in traditional medicine in comparison with orthopedic surgery, and spread traditional therapies such as fixation methods used for fractures and dislocations, and medicinal methods for pastes by holding workshops for his members.

Discussion: After legalization, judo therapy became aware of its uniqueness and developed as a profession.. As in the face of competing medical fields, judo therapy became aware of its uniqueness and developed a professional awareness of the treatment of fractures and dislocations.

Therefore, it branched off from judo as it evolved into traditional medicine with a medical basis.

In other words, by laying a boundary with other medical treatments, this became coaptation, and as a result, diverged from jujutsu.

The purpose of the present study was to develop a reflective questionnaire scale for undergraduate students majoring in physical education teacher education, to examine the reliability and validity of the scale, and using the scale, to examine the changes in scale score before and after physical education mock lesson and examine the practical feasibilty. A total of 112 students (51 male students and 61 female students) participated in the preliminary research, and 222 students (120 male students and 102 female students) particpated in the main research. To examine the changes in scale scores before and after the physical education mock lessons, 63 students (32 male students and 31 female students) participated in the post-survey research.

Six factors were obtained by factor analysis of the reflective questionnaire scale: “overall structure of the physical education classes”, “children’s appearance “teaching process”, “teaching skills”, “application to physical education” and “the theory of physical education”. After examining the scale, it was found that the reflection scale demonstated a certain degree of reliability and validity.Using the scale, it was found tha post-test ratings on the five factores were significantly higher than the pre-test ratings. From the above, it was suggested that a reflective questionnaire scale for undergraduate students in physical education teacher training course has a practical potiential.

Among university students who take basketball physical education (PE) classes at universities, many do not sufficiently understand a wide range of rules. For the purpose of teaching comprehensive correct rules, it was first necessary to obtain a grasp of which rules had not been sufficiently learned. In order to do so, written tests are required to grasp the situation. However, severe time limitations are imposed during PE classes because many things such as skills and strategies must be learned. So, it was desirable that the tests constituted a small number of test items. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a practical battery of tests for the knowledge of basketball rules that contained a small number of test items that could be implemented during PE classes.

The subjects were 197 university students from three-universities who were taking basketball PE classes and who were not basketball club members and 234 students from -3 universities who were basketball club members.

First, 50 test items for which the correct answers were significantly higher for basketball members than for students that did not were chosen from 72 original test items developed by Ohyama et al.(2020).Then, in order to examine the influence of independent variables on dependent variables after holding the influence of other variables constant while taking mutual correlations into consideration, Quantification Theory Type Two (QTTT) was applied. As a result of another examination of ranges and partial correlations of each independent variable, 10 test items such as “Double dribble” and “5-sec rule after a basket” were chosen. A practical score table where category weights were transformed into whole numbers and their total number with 30-points was developed, which appeared to be practical because it could be calculated by mental arithmetic.

We conducted a longitudinal study of subjective health perceptions of community elderly during the COVID-19 epidemic and examined the factors that led to the subjective feelings of health to deteriorate for some of the participants in a follow-up survey. The results showed that the rate of “decreased motor function” was significantly higher (p=0.01) in the “deteriorating health group” compared with the “health maintenance group” and the score of the “old-age-style instrumental independence” factor was lower (p=0.02) in the deteriorating health group compared to the health maintenance group. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to analyze the factors related to the subjective sense of health deterioration, and the results showed that “decreased motor function” was significantly associated with the feeling of deterioration of the subjective sense of health (p=0.04).

The results suggest that the subjective sense of health of the elderly was affected even during the short 5-month period of the COVID-19 epidemic. Although lifestyles are now returning to the pre-COVID-19 epidemic levels, there is a need for continued longitudinal investigation of subjective health perceptions.

This is a survey targeting university students in Zhejiang Province, China, investigating their perceptions and attitudes toward education of water safety. This study aims to reveal the actual status of perceptions and attitudes toward education of water safety among university students in Zhejiang Province. The results of this study are summarized as follows:

1. The results confirmed that education of water safety among university students in Zhejiang Province are valid in terms of generating educational outcomes regarding “knowledge of education of water safety” and “skills in education of water safety”.

2. It is suggested that Zhejiang university students may have challenges with clothed swimming as part of their education of water safety, and specific factors related to the implementation of clothed swimming, such as swimming technique, water depth, and water temperature, should be included in the questionnaire.

3. Overall, Zhejiang university students had a positive attitude toward education of water safety.

4. It was suggested that the immature teaching strategies and the insufficient water safety training sessions may have affected university students’ “perception of education of water safety” and their “swimming rules”.