The number of foreigners living in Japan has been increasing continuously except a disruption period after the Second World War. Especially, this growth accelerated during the period of "bubble economy" in the late 1980s. Foreign residents in Japan have been mainly discussed in terms of their concentration in a certain area. As a result, many studies about foreign residents in Japan have been done by urban or regional sociologists, who heavily focused on looking at particular ethnic community such as Shinjyuku, Ikebukuro in Tokyo and Hamamatsu-shi in Shizuoka prefecture. By contrast, the number of quantitative studies focusing on concentration of foreign residents, in particular foreigners' ethnic residential segregation, is few, Reflecting a situation that settlements of foreigners into Japan are progressing and social conflicts between foreign and the Japanese residents in some parts of Japan start to be seen, it is necessary to study residential segregation from the quantitative perspective. The present study computed the dissimilarity index of the top 10 percent of foreigner -concentrated municipalities, using the micro-areal data of the Japanese census in order to estimate the degree of foreigners'ethnic residential segregation in Japan. Based on this result, the present study uses the multiple regression model to identify some factors that accelerate or constrain foreigners' segregation. This model is founded on urban-ecological theory, containing factors such as the composition of nationality and the size of population or economic structure of each municipality. The result shows that the degree of dissimilarity index is greatly different from municipalities to municipalities, which reflects the difference of condition of foreigners' segregation in each municipality. Additionally, differently from other western societies, the result shows that foreigners' ethnic residential segregation is seen not in an inner-area of a large metropolitan area, but in industrial areas of remote areas from large metropolitan areas. The result also shows that the number of the Japanese Brazilians has a positive effect on the progress of residential segregation, although that of Filipinas has negative effect on segregation. This is because the Japanese Brazilians are migrant and temporal workers who live in the same dwelling such as a dormitory rented by an employer, which is called "faceless settlement process", although Filipinas tend to be a member of Japanese family as a partner of a Japanese male, which constraints their segregation structurally. In conclusion, the present study endorsed the results of the previous qualitative studies about foreigners' ethnic residential segregation in Japan. The result implies that the Japanese society is entering into a new phase of the history that we have to deal with foreigners' social integration as an immigrant receiving country.

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Yamamura (1976) produced the only demographic study of the Hatamoto, direct retainers of the Shogun. This study showed that the average number of children per head of Hatamoto families declined during the 200 years beginning with the start of the Edo period, and it claimed that this decline must have been caused by the following two factors : (a) economic difficulties faced by the Hatamoto due to increasing consumption in the absence of effective pay raises ; and (b) problems with regard to succession that increased as a function of the number of sons because new ways to increase income were not developed. Yamamura's study(1976)is limited by its use of an inappropriate procedure to estimate the fertility of the Hatamoto. The purpose of this paper is to reevaluate that fertility and to examine the adequacy of Yamamura's account of the trends characterizing reproduction among the Hatamoto. First, I present an overview of the process by which the family record of each Hatamoto, Kansei-choshu-shokahu, was compiled and the method by which I drew a sample from this population. Second, I estimate the average number of adult sons per Hatamoto family head from the first half of the 17th century to the end of the 18th century. I show that the average number of sons decreased during the 17th century but then maintained a steady level until the first half of the 19th century. I also show that the number of Hatamotos followed the same trend as that followed by Daimyo retainers ; this level should have been more than sufficient to maintain the Hatamoto population. The above discussion clearly shows that neither the economic difficulties nor the problems attending succession could account for the decline in fertility during the 17th century. Finally, I propose that opportunities for the younger sons of the heads of Hatamoto families to be recruited as direct retainers became less common after the second half than during the first half of the 17th century. I conclude that this situation gave rise to uncertainty about the future of sons in Samurai society and resulted in the decrease in the number of children fathered by heads of Hatamoto families.

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