In recent years, a great deal of attention has been paid to the relation between fertility, labor force participation and wages of married women in the more developed countries. In Japan as well, the tendency to the greater participation of married women in labor market has become prominent, while fertility has continued to decline just after the first oil crisis. Economists consider that there is a close relationship between those two phenomena. This issue has for long been the central concern of the so-called 'economics of fertility', particularly the new home economics, and abundant works, theoretical and empirical, have been accumulated so far. The purpose of this paper is, on the basis of these works, to build a simultaneous estimation model of fertility, child quality, wife's labor supply and female wage, and to test the applicability of this model using time-series data from postwar Japan. After reviewing the works along that line by Butz and Ward (1979), Cain and Dooley (1976), Fleisher and Rhodes (1979), and Kohl (1984), the model is built, and the concept of variables and data used here is explained. The model consists of four regression equations, and four endogenous and nine exogenous variables are identified. Calculations were carried out for annual data drawn from basic national sources over the period 1950-1983. All of equations yielded adequately satisfactory estimates, and four dependent variables were explained simultaneously and consistently with each other. This study implies that fertility and employment have generally been the alternative behavior for the Japanese women; that their behavioral choice has depended on economic conditions; and that the quantity and quality of children have been substitutes.

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Remittance from out-migrants to their original families is a part of the inter-house-hold family support network. On the one hand, if a society is not migration-oriented, the network should be local. On the other hand, if it is migration-oriented, it is plausible that the network extends beyond local boundaries and that the nature of support may be changed or extended from exchange of visits and services with local kin to an increase in the flow of remittances from the out-migrants. Otherwise, outmigration could lead to erosion of ties among families over geographical space. This paper attempts, based on a sample survey conducted in 1985 in two rural villages in Java, Indonesia, to measure the importance of remittances from the out-migrants to their original families both from the migrants' and the recipients' perspectives and to elicit social as well as economic meanings of remittances in two communities where out-migration is characteristic. The study first finds that a higher incidence of remittance occurs in the later stages of the life cycle of the family of origin, when, in addition, a larger number of senders contribute to its maintenance. A higher incidence of remittance is also found in the lower income strata of households. The study also finds that the lower the household income of origin, the higher the dependency on remittances from migrants. Additional findings show that as time away from their original families increases, migrants tend more to be senders and that the married migrants living with their family of procreation tend to send a higher amount of remittances to their original families than those who are currently not married. These findings demonstrate that while remittances certainly enhance the income of the original families, social ties between senders and recipients constitute another important feature of these income flows. The social aspect of remittances as discussed in this case study suggests that, although we should be careful in generalizing the results from this study, remittances from Javanese migrants to their original families is an ubiquitous phenomenon in the country, occurring outside the villages considered in this study, indeed throughout Java.

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Malthus' theory of oscillation has been little discussed in the English Malthus literature and by The Society for the History of Economic Thought in Japan. However, a dominant view of of the The Population Association of Japan is that it is only a mechanical combination of the principle of increase and the regulating principle. But I deny this view, for it is not on an immanent evaluation. As such, this paper primarily concerned to clarify the role and importance of the theory. In chapter 1, the theory of oscillation rises a central problem of the 1st Essay. Chapter 2 contains a formula of oscillation (26th paragraph) with many points that are explicated in later chapters. So, it can be seen as condensation of Malthus' thought in 1798. This formula provides a logical solution to the problem of showing how misery and vice in modern society are brought about by the superior power of population, therefore, is a logic to introduce three propositions. So, it provides continuity with the historical materiales of the following chapters. The theory of oscillation figures prominently in chapters 3, 5, 7, 8, and 16. The oscillation formula indicates that to analyse oscillation in modern society needs economics, particularly a short-run analysis of supply and demand. As developed in chapter 16, it serves as a base of a critiqe of A. Smith, and is also used as an instrument to analyse the history of England since the Revolution. It also serves as a criterion for Malthus' policy criticism. Chapter 16 partially concerns with the standard of living which is the problem contained in the theory of oscillation itself, and indicates that Malthus probably accepts the rise of it in the 1st Essay. In conclusion, Malthus' theory of oscillation is one of the main pillars of his theoretical edifice in the 1st Essay.

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A technique for indirect estimation of mortality originally devised by Courbage and Fargues, was modified and tested. This modification was made, in order to check the fitness of model mortalities for the object population and to find out the best fit model mortality from various families of model life tables. The principle of this modification is very simple. And it does not require any additional assumption. All that is needed is the evalution of the applicability of the original assumption that the rate of under-registration of deaths is nearly constant over certain age. The estimation technique was applied to national data from 35 developing countries for the year around 1975. Nine families of model life tables constructed by Coale & Demeny and the United Nations were applied to each of the object population, and the level of mortality corresponding to the value of PMI (proportional mortality indicator: percentage of deaths at the ages 50 years and over) obtained from death registration data, was determined for each family. By applying these mortality models, expected deaths for the object population were calculated. Then, age-specific death registration rates (R_<(a)>), were derived for each mortality model by simply taking the ratios of registered deaths to expected deaths. And the coefficient of variation (C. V.) of R_<(a)> for ten age groups were calculated. Finally, the level and the pattern of model mortality which gave the least value of C. V. was selected as the best fit model for the object population. The estimated levels of mortality thus obtained as well as the levels obtained for the WEST model were checked in comparison with the independent estimates of the United Nations and the direct estimates. The relations between those estimates and TFR, per capita GNP and literacy rates were also investigated. In a few case, did the level of our estimate caused serious doubt, but in general, they seemed to be in good accord with the other information. Moreover, the geographical pattern of distribution of selected model life table families apppeared to be quite reasonable. The technique is unique in the sense that it does not require any assumption regarding the feature of an object population, and is directly applicable to a non-stable population or even to an open population without any adjustment.

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