This study examined residential distributions of internal migrants in the Tokyo ward area, using data on origins ( prefectures outside Tokyo) and destinations (23 wards) in the Basic Resident Registers in the late 1960s and the early 2010s. Analyses of the number of inmigrants per square kilometer, location quotients and two other indices showed differences in destination choices between migrants from Tohoku/Northern Kanto and those from Western Japan. The analyses also found high concentrations of migrants from three adjacent prefectures (Saitama, Chiba and Kanagawa) in wards along/near the administrative boundaries between Tokyo and each prefecture. These characteristics were observed during both periods. However, except for groups coming from the three adjacent prefectures, the majority of groups by origin exhibited more similar destination patterns in the early 2010s, thus indicating a recent general reduction in disparities in geographical distribution by origin.

It was in 1955 that the first survey on professional education on population was conducted in Japan. The Science Council of Japan finalized proposals asking the government to establish a comprehensive organization to discuss the nation's population policy through the reorganization of Institute of Population Problems. Thereafter, population studies from social scientific approaches developed. Also, the issues of population quality were replaced by welfare and human rights issues.This paper focuses on the situation of professional education on population in the 1950s as a turning point of population studies in Japan.

This paper demonstrates the influence of determinant factors on financial burden from educational costs at three educational stages (nursery/elementary school, junior high school, and high school) by utilizing the anonymous microdata of two or more households from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications' 2004 statistical survey, "National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure." This study focuses on school types of schools (private or national public) and the number of children as key determinant factors. The burden from educational costs is then divided between costs related to school and supplementary education. As a result, the following points were clarified. First, financial burden from educational costs increased in proportion to a household's number of children, and the increase from 0 children to 1 child was revealed to be the largest. With the exception of junior high schools, the burden of costs related to school was consistently higher than that of supplementary education, with high schools experiencing the highest burden of costs related to school. In junior high schools, however, the economic burden of supplementary education was the highest of any school category, even surpassing costs related to school. Second, in comparison with national public schools, it was found that the burden of costs related to school for private schools was higher (positive effect), while the burden of supplementary education for private schools was lower (negative effect). Calculation of the net effect also showed that the positive effects were greater than the negative effects and demonstrated the net impact of increasing economic burden.

This study analyzed the effects of child-rearing support measures on birth behavior, using a vignette survey modified from the methods used in previous research. The vignette cards used were reduced in number and consisted of eight patterns combining six child-rearing support measures, such as an increase in children's allowance and free preschool education. Respondents who have children were asked about additional birth motivation if the support measures described on each card were to be implemented. As a result of multi-level analysis using data obtained by web surveys, economic support, such as children's allowance, was found to be generally effective in increasing the intention of additional births. A vignette survey as used in this study is effective for research regarding birth behavior as it combines fewer vignette cards with imaginary child-rearing support measures, web survey, and multilevel analysis.