Since the 1960’ s rural sustainability in Japan has become weaken owing to the tendency of industrialization. And the depopulated areas have appeared in which the regional agriculture and rural communities will be destroyed.
　　　This paper intends to research the factors of depopulation and to suggest the reconstruction of rural communities and rural families at a view point of recovery of the rural sustainability with 4 support pillars of industry, infrastructure, human group and regional culture.

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　　　In 1939, the Second Sino-Japanese War was still raging, having lasted much longer than the Japanese Army and Government had expected. As a result, the demand-supply balance of food provisions was getting worse, not only in Japan but in the Yen block which included Manchuria and north China. This was not only the result of severe drought which visited Korea and south-west Japan in 1939, as many scholars have pointed out, but also the result of many factors brought on by the limited amounts of food imported from outside the Yen block.
　　　This paper analyzes the situation of the demand-supply balance of food, namely rice, wheat, and other cereals, within the Yen block in 1939, and shows that the food shortage problem within the Yen block became most critical for Japanese war policy-makers. This paper also examines the policy proposed by the Research Organization for Agricultural Policies in Japan and Manchuria （Nichi-Man Nousei Kenkyukai） set up in 1939, and shows that the main part of the proposal was for the rapid increase of land reclamation for food production in Manchuria and also the rapid increase of Japanese immigration, not to relieve pressure on Japanese rural economy but to increase food production in Manchuria.

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　　　The following study attempts to find and describe the discourse practices of rice-growing farmers under the current political and economic conditions which force them to struggle hard to maintain their existence.
　　　Saika or Sabetuka refers to the policy of dividing of rice into quality levels which are reflected in the price, rather than having all quality levels of rice blended and given a standard price. Accepting this policy, farmers' responses are quite mixed in their meaning. Some farmers see it as the necessary principle of the survival of the fittest in a free market situation lacking any responsible control by government. Others see it as a way of living together through the cooperative function of the differentiated parts of the division of labor. A qualitative sociological panel survey done on this as well as other points at Fukagawa city （one of the most productive rice fields in Hokkaido） has tried to reveal an aspect of the world of meaning held among farmers.

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　　　A fire service function of “the Wakamono-Keiyaku” has only remained an original style of the rural community fire service so far. However, its process has not been completely proved yet. The main aim of this report is to clarify some processes of transferring “Wakamono-Keiyaku” to “Public Fire Service System”.
　　　 “Ogizone Wakamono-Keiyaku” referred in this report has functioned as the rural community fire service for a long time and has been maintained after the rules of a fire service system in 27th year of the Meiji period.
　　　Five years after the Taisho period started, a new relationship between “Ogizone Wakamono-Keiyaku” and “Nakazone municipal village” about the expense of purchasing a pump was born. The movement was the first step to the publication of “Ogizone Wakamono-Keiyaku”.

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