Since tungsten materials have high heat resistance, high thermal shock resistance, high thermal conductivity and excellent erosion resistance, they are particularly expected to be used as a target material of the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex(J-PARC)and a plasma facing material of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor(ITER). On the other hand, tungsten materials are low fracture toughness and hard workability, the joining technique with cooling structures is not established yet. Therefore, a new working technique by using of the superplasticity and a joining method with cooling structures have been researched for the improvement of their weak points. In this study, tungsten materials are tested by 3-point bending test and the strain rate jump test at room and high temperatures, and the superplasticity is evaluated. And tungsten materials are joined with a heat sink material for using a plasma facing component and the thermal response is also examined.

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Solid Oxide Fuel Cells(SOFC) have exceptional potentials for electric power generation systems, because of their high energy conversion efficiency. Stabilized cubic zirconia polyciystals are mainly used for the electrolyte of SOFC. Since superplasticity has been found in many kinds of zirconia-based polycrystals, its application to plastic forming of these polycrystals to make thin films or complex forms are very promising. Recently, bonding of ceramics using superplastic ceramics as an interlayer was reported to have a bonding strength equally to the strength of the ceramics itself. In this study, some experiments to bond electrolyte and electrodes were performed using superplastic ceramics as interlayer.

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Zirconia based fine ceramics have a mechanism to improve the strength and the fracture toughness due to the stress induced phase transformation(the t-m phase transformation). They are expected to be used as a candidate material of the high heat resistant structures with complex shapes such as the core barrel and the upper shield block in the high-temperature gas cooled reactor. However, detailed data of the fatigue characteristics of zirconia based fine ceramics aren't sufficient yet. In this study, fatigue strength properties of 3mol% yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y-TZP) are estimated by fatigue test of 4-point bending at high temperatures. The changing of the crystal structure of 3Y-TZP due to the fatigue phenomenon are also evaluated by the X-ray diffraction analysis. In the fatigue test, the fatigue limit of the 3Y-TZP is about 500[MPa] and about 300 [MPa] under a condition of a ratio of the minimum and the maximum stresses of 0.1 at 523 [K] and 773[K], respectively. And the phase transformation determines the fatigue strength.

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Superplastic ceramics have potential ability for applications to atomic energy fields. Up to date, however, as far as we know, there have been few studies concerning the effects of irradiation on the properties of the superplastic ceramics. In this study, the effect of Zr ion irradiation on some mechanical properties of a typical superplastic ceramic, 3mol% yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal(3Y-TZP)were examined and discussed. The 3Y-TZP specimens were irradiated by Zr^<11+> ions with 130MeV at fluence level of 2.1×10^<13> and 1.5×10^<14>ions/cm^2 in the TANDEM accelerator at Tokai Research Establishment of JAEA. Irradiated specimens were annealed at temperatures ranging from 573K to 1473K followed by furnace cooling and its mechanical properties were investigated after annealing. The influence of Zr ion irradiation on the mechanical properties almost disappeared when the irradiated 3Y-TZP was subsequently heated to 1473K

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High temperature gas reactor's(HTGR)can produce high temperature gas, and their research and development are advanced in Japan Atomic Energy Agency. The graphites to be used for the nuclear reactors are subjected to oxidation consumption states. In the present study, oxidation consumption experiments were carried out for an isotropic graphite(IG-11)and a fine-grained isotropic graphite(IG-110)under various stresses. As a result, both of the isotropic and fine-grained isotropic graphite were found to deteriorate by the oxidation. In particular the oxidation was accelerated under tensile stress. The microstructures of the specimens were observed with SEM and an optical microscope. In each case, the occurrence of various kinds of micropores are found.

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Carbon materials have been taken as one of the candidate materials for core structural components of the high temperature gas cooled reactors and for plasma facing components of the fusion experimental devices, since they have good nuclear characteristics, high thermal conductivity and excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures. However, their material properties change due to radiation damage and their thermal conductivities at high temperatures are not sufficient in order to apply them for the high performance reactors and the next fusion devices, it is necessary to study on the changes of the material properties and the microstructures due to radiation damage and to develop the excellent carbon composite materials that have more stable properties to radiation damage and higher thermal conductivity at high temperatures. Recently, carbon/copper-based materials with high thermal conductivity and good stability at high temperatures, which are named carbon alloys, have been developed by adding a small amount of titanium. In this study, high energy ions of Cu^<2+> and Ni^<13+> are irradiated to the carbon alloys and the changes of the mechanical properties are evaluated by a ultra micro hardness tester. And the recovery phenomenon of the mechanical properties is also examined by a heat treatment at a high temperature after irradiation.

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Friction stir welding(FSW)is a solid state bonding method developed in The Welding Institute(TWI)of the United Kingdom(UK)in 1991. Friction stir welding technique possesses a lot of features such as the formation of a fine-grained microstructure in the welded zone. Therefore, the friction stir welding process is expected to be a microstructure refinement method for crystalline materials. Many researchers have been paid attention to this as a microstructure control method for variety of alloys;it is now called Friction Stir Processing(FSP). We have applied this joining method to 7075-T6 alloy as a microstructure control method. It was found that initial microstructure was altered considerably by the process;in particular, grains in stirred zone were refined to very fine and equiaxial ones. We discussed a probable mechanism of the microstructure evolution with the present experimental results.

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Friction stir welding(FSW)is a solid state bonding method developed in The Welding Institute(TWI)of the United Kingdom(UK)in 1991. In some friction stir technologies(FST), the friction stir processing(FSP)is expected to be a microstructure refinement method for crystalline materials. In this study, we have applied the friction stir processing method to a ZK60 magnesium alloy as a grain refinement method. In this paper, the mechanical properties of the friction stir-processed materials at room temperatures are discussed. The mechanical properties of the unprocessed materials are also compared with those of the processed materials.

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The global and local mechanical properties of a friction stir welded(FSWed)ZK60 magnesium alloy have been examined under tension at ambient temperature. It has been established that friction stir welding(FSW)slightly affect the strength(joint efficiency was 93%)whereas ductility drops. Correlation between mechanical response and local variations of structure is discussed.

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The deformation mechanism in the nanometer grain size range been basically investigated from the results of microstructural observation after superplastic deformation in a Zn-Al eutectoid alloy in which a reverse grain size dependence of superplastisity has been reported. By controlling the aging condition after solution treatment and subsequent quenching two specimens are prepared:the as-quenched specimen with ultrafine-grains of 83nm in diameter and aged specimen with normally fine gains of 2.6μm. As a result of TEM observation on the interior of the grains, dislocations are rare in the as-quenched specimen, while a significant density of dislocations are observed in the aged specimen. This result strongly support the mechanism previously proposed by Mishra et al. that the accommodation process, i.e., the dislocation glide inside the grains becomes more difficult with decreasing grain size in the nanometer grain size range, even though the grain boundary sliding as the major process becomes facilitated.

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Pearlitic structure is composed of ferrite and cementite layer. The mechanical properties of pearlitic steel have been extensively investigated. Strength of pearlite steel is affected by microstructure such as interlamellar spacing, colony size, block size and prior-austenite grain size. However, influence of these microstructual factors on mechanical properties are not clear. In this study, tensile tests were conducted on several microstructure controlled pearlite steels. As a result, mechanical properties of pearlite steel were strongly affected by interlamellar spacing.

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In this study, an attempt was made to investigate direct minute wiring by means of ink-jet printing with Ag NanoPaste^<[○!R]>and its laser sintering. First, line patterns were drawn on a Cu substrate by ink-jet printing with the paste:about 80μm in width and about 2μm in thickness. Then, the specimen was dried at 170℃ for 20min to anchor the paste. Finally, laser sintering of the dried pattern was carried out twice in a row by scanning a beam at average laser powers of 1.99W and 4.45W in air, where a pulsed Nd:YAG laser of 1.06μm wavelength and 0.1mm spot diameter was used. As a result, the nano-sized Ag particles(5nm in average diameter)dispersed in the paste are welded to form coarse Ag agglomerates of around 0.4μm. A bend-peel test of the specimen shows that adhesion strength is too high to take place any separation between the sintered wire and the substrate.

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In this work, the green tape laser sintering(GTLS)method has been proposed as a promising recycling technology for scrap iron, and its feasibility of producing a high-quality laminated object has been investigated. The use of gas-atomized Fe-Cu powder allows us to produce homogeneous porous structure, whereas the use of the green tape formed by mask printing makes fracture strength of the single-layered object increase. Optimum parameters for GTLS were identified:an average power of 10W(4.5ms in pulse width, 180V in voltage, and 80Hz in pulse frequency)for single layering, and 13W(2.0ms, 199V, and 80Hz)for multi layering.

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A powder eutectic coating using Al and Ti powder on Fe substrate is successfully performed by laser scanning method. It is possible to achieve high heat stress resistance and high oxidation resistance without using the pessimistic elements such as Cr, Ni and so on.

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Active magnetic bearing(AMB)requires multiple displacement sensors. Installation of these sensors causes several problems;high sensor cost, installing space and non-collocation of the actuators and the sensors. To overcome these problems, self-sensing technique has been proposed. In this paper, PWM duty ratio compensation method is proposed. It is considered to suppress fluctuation of the displacement estimation characteristics and to allow realization of a reliable self-sensing AMB.

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Two types of hybrid magnetic bearings, which have high efficiency and good dynamic response, for artificial heart have been developed. The bearings have core pieces and permanent magnets to produce bias magnetic flux. The permanent magnets are set between the core pieces at opposite location. The diameter and thickness of the magnetic bearings are 60mm and 10mm, respectively. Three dimensional magnetic field analysis based on the finite element method was performed to design the magnetic bearings. Produced force of the developed magnetic bearings was more than 4 N at the center position and good levitation performance of the bearings was confirmed.

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We have developed the magnetically suspended artificial hearts with a diagonal-flow pump. The magnetic bearing for this pump has consists of four stators, for permanent magnets and a rotor. In this study, optimal design method of the magnetic bearing for diagonal-flow blood pump has been developed. This method includes the genetic algorithm(GA), which based on the evolution of living organisms. In this paper, three types of magnetic bearing that have different target attractive force is designed with the proposed method. Size of the designed magnetic bearing were 48×60[mm], 60×69[mm], 77×76[mm], respectively. Optimal design solutions that minimize the power consumption could be obtained. As a next step, the suitable model will be defined by using the finite element method

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The life time of a centrifugal pump for artificial heart is mainly determined by the durability of mechanical parts such as bearings and seals. The purpose of this study is to develop a durable centrifugal pump for artificial heart with magnetic suspension technique. Developed magnetically suspended motor consists of a top stator, a rotor, and a bottom stator. The rotor is levitated between the top and the bottom stators. The tilt and axial position of the rotor is controlled with the top stator. The rotation of the rotor is controlled with the bottom stator. In this study, new bias magnet flux guided bearing was invented. The magnetic bearing was designed by using the magnetic field analysis. As a result, developed magnetic bearing produced an attractive force of 36.3[N]in the axial direction, and that of 3.5[N]in the radial direction. Developed magnetic bearing displayed sufficient performance for a magnetic bearing of artificial hearts.

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In this research, the system which induces a sense of closeness by the humans who take a stand against a robot by adding the motion which made the operator's feeling component reflect in operation of a robot is proposed. The method of reproducing the degree of favorable impression from the brain waves of four frontal lobe parts from a prior experiment, using a signal as a method of extracting an operator's feeling component, and the method reproducing the degree of activity are used. As a robot's basic motion, expansion move operation of a geometric figure and basic motion was given. The influence which conducts the case where the same stimulus is visually given for it through a direct monitor, and comparative experiments, and it has on a watcher was verified.

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In this paper, it is thought that it is necessary I understand movement as well as kind language communication for a person to the robot which an important point is put for talks with a human being including a care robot, and to give a human being a near feeling. I use a signal showing the mental stability degree that I extracted from EEG extracted signal in this announcement and control movement by I assume that I am variable, and adjusting an acceleration gain of manipulator drive region. I inspect something from the viewpoint of space frequency time change at the time of manipulator movement with a gentle robot for a human being more.

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Previous research has shown that subjects can recognize that they are dreaming and communicate to the laboratory their state of`lucid dreaming'by means of specific voluntary eyemovement signals(VEMSs)during REM sleep. Here we adumbrate our initial efforts to develop a method of automatically detecting VEMSs using the wavelet transform.

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We analyzed the blood flow in three dimensions using a blood model based on the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH)method. In the method, plasma fluid is discretized by SPH particles and an erythrocyte is modeled by internal SPH particles wrapped in elastic membrane particles. But in this model, some internal particles leaked from membrane particles. To solve this problem, membrane particles adds the repulsion power to internal particles when internal particles approach membrane particles. In order to confirm the blood model, we analyzed the tank tread motion of an erythrocyte under an constant shear field. The numerical results of three dimensions agreed with that of two dimensions and the problem of leak of some internal particles was solved.

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Hemolysis amounts as a function of surface roughness value and roughened area under shear flow conditions was investigated with bovine blood using a rotational shear stressor at a shear rate of 3, 750 s^<-1>. The threshold for the roughness value thus obtained for rapid increase in hemolysis was between Ra 0.6μm and 0.8μm.When sheared with a roughened surface of Ra 0.8μm applied to the inner cylinders between 0 and 89.81cm^2(whole inner cylinder surface), hemolysis did not increase linearly but depended on the position of the roughness. This suggests that red blood cells were destroyed not by fatigue failure, but due to the flow condition such as high shear stress generated by surface roughness.

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The final medical treatment of respiratory disease, such as COPD, is a lung transplant. But it has stood by the transplant in many cases for a long time because of donor failure. Therefore, the demand of respiratory support and an artificial implantable lung bridge to lung transplant is increasing. However, when an affection of the lungs is caused, assistance of the heartbeat is essential. Because a cardiac disease is supervene with in many cases. Then, we devised integrated the oxygenator and the blood pump with right ventricle assist. The blood pump used Cross Flow Pump. The Cross Flow Pump can obtain a wide outflow and uniform flow to oxygenator that was able to have high gas exchange ability, an anti-thrombus and small space. In this paper, we describe the performance evaluation test of the Cross Flow Pump.

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Heart transplantation is reliable way to patients with severe cardiac failure. The limited number of available donor hearts promotes the establishment of alternative treatments for these patients. An artificial hearts has been used for such patient and has shown reliable results as a bridge to heart transplantation. However, direct contact between the material and the blood causes embolism from thrombus. Blood pressure is maintained by pushing the heart. The place which must be helped in the patient of severe congestive heart failure is contraction of the heart. The purpose of study is to develop an artificial myocardium that compress the dysfunctional heart from its surface.

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In this paper, we treat a walking Guide System for Visually disabled Situation using our Tactile Display Glove(TDG). Among the numerous information through sight sense, the distance information and attributes of surrounding obstacles are picked up and feedback to operator to assist self-walking. In this paper, we discuss the detecting signal from obstacles attribute and the measure of direct system operation feel and the performance of this system. To improve the direct operation feel, we adopt the repeating recognition frequency and walking time for this index.

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In the case of loss of sight sense due to the sight function trouble, user meets the difficulty for capturing surrounding information and doing self-walking. Up to now, our research group has enabled the indoor walking assistance by extracting distance information from a surrounding situation and converting it into the sense of touch signal. However, it was pointed out not to be able to understand a surrounding situation because a existing walking assistance system transmitted only distance information(obstacle contact information), and to give mental uneasiness to the user. This research proposes the system which feeds back and transmits information that classifies the situation and the object roughly by using the stereoscope as surrounding situations other than the distance. This presentation reports speed-up method and that result of pattern matching of which likelihood is RGB vector inner product and method of identifying the feature in the space by using obtained three-dimensional information.

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We have developed a standing style transfer system that enables a person with disabled lower limbs to have his daily life without special infrastructures. This system consists of three modules: a powered lower extremity orthosis, a pair of telescopic crutches, and a pair of mobile platforms. The previous telescopic crutch realizes continuous telescopic motions and the power assist. However, its weight is heavy and the time response of the telescopic motion is not prompt because of the use of the motor. In this paper we propose a novel type of telescopic crutch based on a Lofstrand crutch. This telescopic Lofstrand crutch has no actuators, and its length can be switched in two states easily according to the situations. We show the techniques of the standing up motion and the going straight motion.

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This study aims to clarify the interaction between Si wafer and individual diamond abrasives in grinding at nanometer level. This paper reports on the results obtained through nano-scratching experiments in vacuum by an atomic force microscope(AFM)and simulations by using the molecular dynamics method under room and high temperature, respectively, to examine the influence of grinding heat on the materials removal process. As a result, it was proven that the scratch groove under high temperature becomes deeper than that under room temperature from both the experiments and the simulations.

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Recently, as a integrated circuit improves accumulation, the technology progress very rapid in multilayer and miniaturization of architecture. For instance, the Pentium 4 that is CPU for the personal computer is eight layer structure. The technology of planarization process becomes extremely important for multilayer structure. As the solution to multilayer planarization, recently, processes using a fixed abrasive pad or a grinding wheel have been examined as a potential alternative. We proposed the new planarization process named Chemo-Mechanical Grinding. Therefore, in this research, we will experiment by using Shallow Trench Isolation patterned Wafer.

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The miniaturization and integration of IC chips are increasingly demanded by mobile devices. As a cost effective solution, low-profile-package containing multi layers chips and using larger diameter silicon wafers are a new trend for the applications like IC card, mobile phone and digital music player. The Si wafers for those applications are required to be more flat. So measurement of wafer flatness and thickness became important. In this paper, to solve the traditional measurement problem, also in response to the semiconductor industry's need for wafer geometry measuring, we use multi probe to develop a new metrology system for one-side and on-machine measuring.

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In this paper, we proposed a complex finishing process of MRF and ELID grinding and applied this method to nano-precision finishing for glass lens. ELID grinding, as pre-finishing, was employed to obtain high form accuracy and good surface quality in high efficiency. And then, MRF, as the final finishing, was used for improve furthermore surface quality and figure accuracy. Several sets of finishing experiments for sphere glass lens have been performed to verify obtainable surface figure precision and surface roughness by use of this new synergistic process.

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Silicon wafers are conventionally diced off by a thin diamond blade into individual IC chip, before they are packaged. The problems encountered in blade dicing include chipping, kerf-loss and low productivity. A new laser cleavage-cutting of silicon wafer is proposed in this research, based on the property that the monocrystal silicon is transparent to laser with near-infrared wavelength around 1. 3μm. Aiming to high productivity and low chipping rate, this method intends to introduce the laser power to inside silicon substrate by focusing the beam below the topmost surface, and followed by cleavage. This paper reports fundamental results by use of with ultra-short pulsed laser.

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Electrical discharge machining(EDM)is a non-conventional machining technique based on removing material from a workpiece by means of the erosive action of sparks between the tool electrode and the material with dielectric fluid. Since this process uses high energy electro-thermal erosion to remove materials instead of mechanical cutting forces, it can be applied to difficult-to-machine materials. In recent years, EDM has become an indispensable process in modern manufacturing industry. Due to the abilities, EDM has been studied and is used to fabricate high aspect-ratio micro-holes for micro-structures. In this study, it was focused on micro-EDM drilling and experiments were carried out. In order to produce high aspect-ratio micro-holes, an electrode was fabricated with EDM-block on machine. Then, micro deep holes ware fabricated by means of the electrode obtained from the machining.

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Micromachining progresses rapidly in recent years. The exploratory research has approached to a level of accessing a single molecule or atom. Micro-Meso Mechanical Manufacturing(M^4)offers accessibility to different kinds of material in a 3 dimensional way. There are, however, many scientific and technological barriers encountered in pragmatic implementation of M^4. One of them is the surface chemistry effects. When machining parts at micro scale, it is recognized that the surface-area-to-volume ratio will be increased in both chips and the resulting part as compared to conventional(macro)machining process. Then, in this research, a micro lathe which is installable and operational inside SEM vacuum chamber has been designed and developed. At such oxygen-free condition, cutting tests are conducted to understand surface chemistry effects on micromachining.

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Recently, a precise manipulation technology is paid to attention in various fields of the biotechnology engineering. In the stock raising field, the research of the Crornning technology that uses a soma and the fertilized egg is advanced. It is important whether to be able to do the removal and the injection of the nucleus without damaging the cell when working. In this research, the micro operation system of the cell operation that did not depend on operator's technology, and was able to be operated easily was developed. In this lecture, it reports on the orbit control by the potential method to evade the contact of the cell and the tool.

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The analysis of the flow with a phase change in the engineering equipment is difficult, and the mechanism has not been clarified enough. In the experiment, the scale of boiling phenomenon is small, the enough observation cannot be done for the speed of phase change. Therefore, the numerical analysis of boiling phenomenon is important. Two-dimension boiling problem was solved by using the TCUP method for the algorithm in this research, and using an excellent CIVA interpolation method in the shape adaptability for the advection term. As a result, it agreed to the result of JURIC well. Moreover, the two-fluid model was introduced, and the single bubble rise problem was done as the verification problem. As a result, the value close to the results of Clift was obtained.

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This paper presents a new algorithm to obtain principal stress trajectory grid. Grid points are calculated as the intersections of three mutually orthogonal isoplethic surfaces(two mutually orthogonal contour lines in 2D domain)of direction functions which are evaluated from the result of FEM. The contour lines cannot be obtained, when the pattern of trajectories is not topologically equivalent to an orthogonal grid. This problem with 2D pattern is solved by partitioning the triangular mesh with a line passing through the singular point where the maximum shear stress reaches the minimum value.

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We have been developing a dynamic simulation system for variety of cam mechanisms. A cam mechanism is composed of three parts connected with three pair axes. Pair axis, velocity, acceleration, momentum and force are represented as a motor. Velocity function and acceleration function derived form cam-diagram are prepared as input data to determine the cam-follower pair axis. Mushroom cam, swinging cam and translation cam are modeled to simulate the motion of cam, follower and supporting link.

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We have been developing a dynamic simulation system of mechanisms with impulsive force. A mechanism is modeledas a set of rigid bodies connected with pair-axis motors. Wedefined linkage inertia, pair-loop matrix and velocity dependent torque to formulate equation of motion for mechanisms. The equation determines directly the relative angular accelerations on each pair-axis. This paper describes the simulation of running bicycle. The contacts between wheel and ground are represented as a series of collision and micro colllision. By several experiments, it was confirmed that the length of trail greatly influences the mileage of bicycle until the tumble.

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We devloped a new simulation method for studying the mechanical properties of microdevices made.from nano-scale materials by using molecular dynamics simulation and finte element method.By applying our method to calculate the stress distribution in a magnetic disk, we showed that this method is very effective to reveal the mechanical properties of microdevices.

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In this paper a new evaluation method of the effective elastic moduli for heterogeneous materials composed of isotropic constituent materials is presented. The effective elastic constants can be obtained to make two matrices numerically equal. One is the standard global stiffness matrix and the other is the stiffness matrix multiplied by an effective modulus, Young's modulus, shear and bulk modules, Lame's constants. The results of Finite Element analysis show good agreement with the analytical upper bound values by the Paul's method with an application of the principle of minimum potential energy.

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This paper is intended to established the general method to solve static and elastic problems of unconstrained space structures using Finite Element Method. The discrete governing equations can not be solved because the stiffness matrix of free-free bodys is singular. The modified equations is obtained from reducing the dynamic equilibrium equations under the constant velocity motion and the Rayleigh damping proportional to the mass matrix. The validity of computational method is confirmed by comparison of analytical results for simple framed and plate/shell structures.

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Cavitation which occurs when pressure decreases in liquid produces a deterioration of machine performance and damage by erosion. Numerical analysis of cavitation becomes an important problem in fluid engineering. We adopt the numerical analysis of the cavitation that the phase change is considered by introducing the generalized equation of state into the TCUP method.

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Phase transition of a compartmentalized surface model is investigated by Monte Carlo simulations on dynamically triangulated spheres. We found a first-order transition between the smooth phase and the crumpled phase, and that the transition weakens as the compartment size increases.

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We invetigate a phase structure of a surface model supported only by skeletons with junctions. We found that the model undergoes a first-order transition between the smooth phase and the collapsed phase.

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We study a phase structure of an intrinsic curvature model with point boundaries separated by distance 2L. A phase transition between the smooth phase and the non-smooth phase was found to be of first-order and remains unchanged when L is increased.

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