In Japan, the public-private distinction in social policy has long been taken for granted. The administration provides all public services. The private organizations pursues the profit. Therefore, the private organizations cannot bear public services There are two approaches in social policy. One is the welfare economy approach, and the other is the public choice approach. However, it is necessary to look at these approaches d ifferently. Constructing the mechanism that the private organization can provide public services becomes important in the monism. In this paper, the problems concerning the combination these approaches are discussed.

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Governance is a very popular term in social sciences today. Social governance is an example of introduction of this concept into the field of welfare. This paper is a preparation for a study of social governance in welfare sociology. First, it analyzes the concepts of governance in other fields and it shows that this concept implies the shift from substance to function of governance. Second, it examines the related theories in welfare sociology. Welfare pluralism is a pioneer of the social governance and there are some similarities and differences between them. Welfare regime is different from welfare pluralism in two points: the bias towards welfare provision and the assumption of consensus; and similar to social governance in these points. However, the concept of social governance differs from the regime theory in two points: it regards NGOs as important actors and it refers not only to the national but also the global and the local. Third, it investigates the social governance at the global and local levels. In the process of globalization it has become difficult for national governments to make decisions about social policy issues independently. That demands the formation of transnational social policy and it can be fulfilled only by the establishment of global governance. In Japan, the mainstreaming of communitybased welfare makes the role of local social governance important.

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In the simultaneous progress of globalization and localization, the community is expected to be the main solution for many contemporary welfare problems. The idea of social governance in the community will be addressed in this paper, as a way to solve these welfare problems. The ideas and operations, financial resources procurement and public management, resident participations and collaboration of the community welfare will also be addressed. I discuss an example in Yamagata Prefecture in which the local revitalization program was implemented while the matter of equity and efficiency was considered.

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In Japan, when we discuss the rights to welfare, the term `citizenship' has not been so widely used as 'human rights'. However, considering transformation of the welfare state, we should take notice of citizenship, because in the transformation from welfare state to welfare society, the concept of citizenship will change significantly. According to T. H. Marshall, citizenship has three aspects. They are civil, political, and social. Marshall defined that 'citizenship is a status bestowed on those who are full members of a community. All who possess the status are equal with respect to the rights and duties with which the status is endowed. ' He emphasized the development of equality about social rights in the 20th century. Today, Marshall's liberal concept of citizenship is criticized for nation-state as the base of liberal citizenship is transformed. So, researchers regard Marshall's thesis as out-ofdate. However, Marshall argued that there was citizenship of towns or local communities in the premodern age. The community of citizenship is not always the nation-state. He also argued that there was conflict between civil rights and social rights. These viewpoints have significance in this postmodern and global era. Liberal citizenship is also criticized by civic republican for neglecting the importance of citizen's participation. In the concept of welfare society, the needs of community of citizenship would be versatile. Social services would be provided not only by the state, but also by associations of civil society. Under this circumstance, people will have to participate in such associations proactively to get services. Participation will become important element of citizenship. If citizenship is defined as the concept of participation, the character of citizenship as the concept of equality will change.

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This paper reviews how the tasks and the skills of home-helpers as the caregiver in public social services are institutionalized and systematized. This article starts from the re c ognition that the home-helper' s tasks and skills are institutionalized and formed under the values and conflicts among the various actors concerning care. Second, we look at these tasks and skills from two aspects, education and t r aining institutions, and interactional situations. My analysis is based on the materials and the hearing case examples that were collected by the author. The conside r a tion of education and training institutions is made in three areas, which are curriculum designs, Off-JT and OJT after hiring, and the institutionalization of learning by the “dual system”. Interactional situations are discussed in the following three aspects; usual operations and unusual operations, overlapping of tasks, and learning as a social phenomenon. Finally, this paper discusses the problems and the future issu e s of the education and training of the “d ual system” model.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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