In this article, as a perspective for understanding welfare society or welfare states in Asia, redistribution policy in postwar Japan is reexmained first. Secondly, welfare state and socialist market economy are compared paying attention to the situations in China. Lastly, a basic framework for analysing welfare society or welfare states in Asia is discussed.

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The concept of social security stems from the religious consciousness, national identity, and sense of family in western European society. In both Japan and China, the social security system, in which social insurance is at the core, is a foreign cultural import from western Europe. In the 20th century, in the process of China's and Japan's introduction of social security, it is not only the two countries'modernization processes and national situations that have had great impact on social security, but also their traditional cultures. This paper deals mainly with the following two questions: how have the traditional cultures of the two countries affected the establishment and operation of their social security systems, and what influence has the achievement of social security and national welfare systems exerted on the traditional cultures of the two countries, i. e., what tendencies may be found in the two countries'traditional cultures?

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To define needs appropriately is a fundamental practicing problem in a lot of areas about " the care ". This article deals with the difficulty of the definition of the intellectual disabled person's needs by the swimming instructor who isn't based on the professionalism and the intimacy for the considering. Instructors are classified into the category, "the able-bodied person". Then, the understanding of the needs of the intellectual disabled person is done only from the side of the non-disabled person. This applies to all of the relationship of the disabled person and the able-bodied person. This paper considers how the instructors define the expression of "definition of the intellectual disabled person's needs" which the parents tell as "resources". The used research method is the interview. The following two are found from the result of analysis of the interviews.
First is that "definition of the intellectual disabled person' s needs" by the parents is placed as "the resources" which organize the swimming instruction. Second is that it becomes the opportunity which can mean relationship with the disabled person with the re-assigned-position. In the conclusion part, the social process that the relationship of the instructor and the intellectual disabled person changes into the care relation via the instructional relation is argued. Finally, it shows the difficulty and the possibility of the disabled person swimming instructors in the instruction and is trying the showing of the possibility to approach the intellectual disabled person from the viewpoint of "the able-bodied person" which isn't based on the professionalism and the intimacy than above result of analysis.

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This paper focuses on the connections between mental health policy, regional disparities, intergovernmental relations, and specific revenue sources from the analysis of the transformation of mental health policy in California since the 1990's.
In 1991, the state of California faced a severe budget shortfall. The state enacted a major change in the relationships between state and county, known as "Realignment". This realignment shifted program responsibility from the state to counties and got financial resources that were specific revenue sources for mental health, health, and social services. This realignment was aimed to help counties stabilize the mental health budget. It had, however, several risks like "trans-hospitalization", "the lack of entitlement", "the failure of access", and "Inequality of equity among counties". In order to overcome these failures and limitations, the state of California enacted the Mental Health Service Act (MHSA) in 2004.
From t h e analysis of these two changes, I reach the following conclusions:
1. The risks of the realignment pointed out from the very begi n n ing were verified by the program failures and limitations implemented in the 90's.
2, Through the MHSA, mental heal t h policy became virtually an entitlement program at state level in order to implement the pilot programs which were intended to overcome these program failures and limitations.
This analysis, I believe, contains many useful hints about the transformation of mental health policy in Japan.

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This paper examines through case studies based on hearings the efforts of Takuto Kobe, a non-profit organization which has supported disabled people after the Great Hanshin Earthquake, and especially the "mutual support" under the Services and Supports for Persons with Disabilities Act. After the full-scale implementation of the act, a problematic situation has been occurring in the lives of disabled people and at facilities that offer supports for the disabled. It is the conflict between the theory of self-reliant independence and "mutual support. " In addition, there is another problematic situation at Takuto, which is caused by the expansion of the size of operation; conflict between the theory of business and mission. Aware that it is facing a crisis against these two problematic situation s, Takuto is currently working on what it calls "Counteraction. " The first step of "Counteraction" is to transfer its care insurance service and home care service to a social welfare corporation that Takuto has a partnership with. This transfer is a streamlining of business while securing the organic link between the separated operations and Takuto ( "superimposition" ). It is a reorganization of business domains through the partnership with the social welfare corporation to "avoid" that Takuto single-handedly takes care of the problematic situations. The second step of "Counteraction" is the plan of putting small sheltered workshops "under" an NPO and building networks. This is an idea of building networks while securing independence of workshops and indirectly integrating them through an NPO as an agent. On that basis, the important issue for Takuto after the operational transfer as well as for workshops is how to "cultivate and develop" new businesses/activities.

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