In the later 1970's, many Warehousing Companies started to outgrow their business from pure Warehousing business to Freight Forwarding. After the 1990's, when the regulation policy was relieved, many others outside the Warehousing business field became invading into the logistics business field and small Freight Forwarding companies easily reduced their forwarding charges. As a result, the revenue of the Warehousing companies started to decline. Therefore as their means to protect their existing clients, and to enlarge their market, regain their revenue, the Warehousing companies began to take attention on 3PL business.
Here, we would like to take a look at the process of how the Warehousing companies evolved from Freight Forwarding to 3PL, and the present situation, future prospect of 3PL business.

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In this paper, we analyze the relationship between logistics performance and personnel and organizational factors and try to search some factors that affect the performance. In the analysis, we especially focus on skill requirements of logistics managers as personnel factors and managerial scope in logistics department as organizational factors.

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The study investigates the important relationship between transportation vehicle (mode) and loading and unloading facility (node) at commercial establishments for delivery operation. Varieties in shape and sizes of transportation modes compounded by the various types of commercial establishments pose potential problems in goods handling. The research paper examines the extent of the interaction and evaluates the suitability of modes and nodes.

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Major postal administrations in Europe have been expanding their operations outside their home country through acquisitions and alliances with foreign operators. The driving forces of these business developments are characterized by (1) greater management freedom as a result of organizational reform, (2) lower rates of growth for postal demand, and (3) competition in a global market. In this paper, the strategy of the foreign business operations of Deutsche Post and TNT, for which corporate assets have been effectively utilized worldwide, will be compared and analyzed in detail.

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Manufacturing and retail industries share three key issues for increasing competitive advantage through logistics outsourcing (LO) : coordinating information with outsourcer, the interest and involvement of management, and logistics competence. Manufacturers can raise competitiveness through LO directly by increasing cost-competitiveness or indirectly by shrinking throughput time and increasing inventory turnover. The latter includes difficulties in imitation by other companies due to persistent changes in the structure and internal activities of non-outsourced divisions.

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Several studies have analyzed GDP per capita as basis for foreign direct investment movement. Market and cost are affected by GDP per capita, but they affect differently on shifts. Thus, this study tries to clarify the effect of GDP per capita of a recipient on Japanese foreign investment using Shift Life Cycle. The pattern of Asia wide shifts is also examined through the Shift Life Cycle.

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The aim of this paper is to analyze the factors of shipper's modal choice on domestic unitization freight transport form Hokkaido region to other domestic regions. Freight is shipped by different modes or routes by commodities in challenge of transportation environment no matter if it is done from same place of origin to same place of destination. We discuss the degree of effects to route transport with the application of discriminate analysis, which is the one of discrete choice models, by using the census data of freight distribution (2000). The results indicate that dummy variable of consolidated freight and flight volumes or ship calls affect the choice of airplane transport or local-channel sea transport, respectively. And again, distance from origin to destination and lot-size are factors in the choice of long-haul sea transport, moreover dummy variable of container usage and distance to freight train station are factors in the choice of railroad transport.

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The multi-commodity capacitated transportation network design problem is a basic network design model appearing in logistics and supply chain systems. It attempts to simultaneously take into network topology and shipment flows. Strong path type and weak path type formulations for this problem are shown and the sum of transportation costs and establishment costs of routes is minimized. And it is presented that the problem using these formulations can be solved by the column generation technique and the capacity scaling procedure. Numerical examples are illustrated to show the effectiveness of our formulation and solution methods.

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The purpose of this study is to estimate the stockout-rates in supermarkets. At first we forecasted the sales using the POS data and the Causal data, and then we estimated the stockout-rates by matching the inventory data and the forecasting data. To improve the forecasting accuracy of normal linear regression prediction we fitted the Generalized Additive Model (GAM) based on Poisson distribution to the POS data.

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Recently, the use of third party logistics (3PL) providers to take over some or all of a company's logistics responsibilities is becoming more prevalent. However, although a large number of studies have been made on Logistics, little is known about the effect of 3PL. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to discuss about the effect of 3PL through comparative study on 3PL industry in Japan and the Republic of Korea. In this study I showed some problem of 3PL by theory and case study. As the result, utilizing of 3PL providers concluded to be effective.

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Japanese “Chusho-kigyo-ryutu-gyoumu-kourituka-sokushin Hou” Act (Law for the Improvement in Physical Distribution of Small and Mediunm Enterprises, enforced October, 1992) had been supporting collaborations in physical distribution which are usually operated by industries' small and mid-sized enterprises' associations. And the new law named “Ryutu-gyoumu no sougouka oyobi kourituka no sokusin ni kansuru houritu” Act (Law for Integration and Improvement of Physical Distribution, enforced in October, 2005) superseded it.
The two main aims of the new law are to reduce CO₂ in transportation industry in Japan, and to strengthen Japanese enterprises' competitiveness in global market, also the new law supports not only activities of small and mid-sized enterprises' associations', but also other ways of industrial collaborations. In this study, we make comparison of both laws, analyze the problems of old law and discuss the new law's effect on improvement on Japanese transportation and desirable measures to obtain successful result of the policy.

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To collect parcels of individual shipper directly on his demand is an important subject in the future delivery services. We have studied in this paper the feasibility of the system called “on demand-parcel-collection and delivery system.” We firstly describe features of the system comparing with the existing milk-run type parcel collection system, then show the basic characteristics obtained by the simulation for a basic model of the system.

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The hospital is a facility that comes many human and goods. Construction of Efficient logistics system is important from the point of view that support of medical treatment and service of a patient. But Now Constructed logistics system is almost the unified management of medicines and medical materials. Logistics system of all goods movement about hospital-transporting to a hospital, patient goods, food, general goods-has not constructed.
This study aim at clarifying that conditions and problems of goods movement of hospital by case study.

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When the corporate intend to construct unique and inimitable logistics, and to acquire the competitive advantage against the competitor, they should make the partnership with the logistics outsourcer. Sharing capability and knowledge inter-organizationally will succeed in partnership in logistics outsourcing. In the logistics outsourcing, the role of inter-organizational relationship should change to creating the additional value to the customer, not only to pursue efficiency in the logistics.

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The aim of this paper is to clarify the impact on interregional freight volumes using expressway under different toll levels. A freight modal split model of which variables are road distance, transportation time and cost of each freight items, explains the share of expressways and ordinary roads, has been built based on “Freight Census in 2000”. The model showed that the generalized cost composed of cost of time and tolls had bigger impacts on the usage of expressways in case of the freight by commercial tracks as compared with private use tracks. The reduction of tolls increases the usage of expressway in case of commercial tracks in comparison to private use tracks.

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Now, environmental disruption of the global warming, etc. by greenhouse gas is a important problem for us. Therefore, many studies on the modal shift to marine transport or a railroad have been made. However, the modal shift is not still promoted. Then, we examine possibility of freightage by the Shinkansen as a new means of transport. In this paper, the action of the shipper who chooses a means of transport by Minimum Sacrifice Model is expressed, and the cargo volume transported in Tokaido and San'yo Shinkansen is calculated. As a result, the total cargo volume transported by Shinkansen is about 90, 000 tons during three days. The quantity of this freightage will become about 106 formations per day, if one formation is converted as 288 tons. Therefore, since sufficient demand was forecasted, it turned out that there is possibility of freightage using the Shinkansen. And based on this result, the calculation result of the quantity of cuts of CO₂ was shown, and the effectiveness of the freightage using the Shinkansen was shown from an environmental viewpoint. The cut of CO₂ becomes 13.4% of the value of the target by a modal shift.

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Co-operative delivery system is one of the many ways to reduce logistics cost and pollution. However, the positive effect of the co-operative delivery system is not guaranteed because the effect is dependant on the location of the delivery hub.
This paper aims to clarify the formula on co-operative delivery that calculates the total distance and total vehicle-km. Also, the changes in the total distance and total vehicle-km are examined on the introduction of co-operative delivery system.

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Transportation systems vary upon the type of commodity, origin point, final destination, different modes, nodes and links that can be used for transportation of cargo between countries. This paper aims to describe the current economic, trade and transport situation on exports and imports of main items to determine the optimal transport mode and node choice system in future research. It focuses on the transportation of timber from Russia and machinery from Japan.

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The Fashion Industry has been able to realize “quick sell-out” sales strategy, by developing private brand products in a speedy manner, manufacturing in low-cost countries such as China, and integrating distribution centers with the network of branches within the dominant expansion. Sustaining this, is an international procurement logistics strategy, which is shifting into an agile international procurement distribution framework that concentrates on implementing product and needle inspection, and combining and sorting packaging for the domestic stores at the overseas distribution center. It then, transports the merchandise through a combined container directly to the domestic sorting center, and from there delivers it to the stores. This type of distribution system, where the central aim is an emphasis on speed, reducing inventory risk, handling cost, and transportation cost, is indicating one of the directions of the retail business the starting point of international procurement logistics strategy.

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This paper examines a business feasibility of a newly entrant freight airline, through a risk assessment study based on the Monte Carlo approach. The paper concludes that the reduction of cost by 30-50% compared to regular airlines with a vertically integrated pricing strategy of forwarder and airlines would especially contribute to its commercial viability.

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In Tokyo-Japan's biggest market-it is critical that joint deliveries be conducted from the viewpoint of so-called “receiver's side”, i.e. retailers / businesses / restaurants. By contrast, deliveries of fresh products, such as meat, fish and vegetables, require quality control, and industry proponents have cited difficulties in establishing distribution partnerships.
In this context, members of the Kanto Department Stores Association have been actively tackling the contentious issue of perishable deliveries. This study involved the implementation of a fact-finding survey covering those of the department stores that have made particular progress in this area, and documentation of the effects resulted via the introduction of joint delivery services and related issues. In come instances, joint deliveries have been found to yield substantial benefits, including a 50-percent cut in the number of delivery vehicles and a reduction in delivery lead times.

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Recently, the negative influences caused by highway use of the heavy trucks (e.g. environmental pollution, noise and accident) are strongly pointed out. To solve this problem, the government has executed the social experiments of reduction of truck tolls for environmental improvement It is generally said that the reduction of truck tolls brings deficit to the expressway corporation, but the conditions are not always cleat
In this paper, we consider the analysis framework to examine the effect of reduction of truck tolls from the perspective of social benefit, and evaluate the social experiments of reduction of truck tolls executed by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport as the case study.

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Following The Law for the Maintenance of Urban Distribution Districts (Ryutsuhou), 13 distribution business estates have been established in local cities. Compared with big cities, the local cities display a great difference in such domains as logistics environment, logistics needs etc. This research aims to clarify the actual conditions and functions about the distribution business estates by sending out questionnaires to the companies which conduct their business in Kosugi, Okayama, and Yonago distribution business estates.This article has indicated the deviation about the role of the distribution business estates from the objects of the Ryutsuhou. The further contributions of the distribution business estates which aim to enhance the efficiency of the local circulation and strengthen the competition of the local minor companies have been discussed as well.

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The United Association of Japan Freight Transport (hereafter, Nikka-Kyouren) managements KIT (Kyodo Information of Transport) which is a load matching network. Nikka-Kyouren tried to improve the load matching system for members of KIT. Nikka-Kyouren updated the system and established KIT cooperation in order to enlarge load matching data. But, some members point out that this system doesn't expectedly function effectively as expected. In this paper, we discuss direction of KIT through load matching data analysis and interviews to the members.

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The terms on green logistics are not well examined in the academic field, therefore in order to solve this problem using the subvention from JILS, adopting an open resource system, the definitions or explanations of the terms on green logistics have been done. On a basis of the process of the standardization, the possibilities for solving the complex problems in logistics can be considered.

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The purpose of this paper is to consider influence of a cellular phone growth rate upon occupancy rates of motor freight. First of all, two VAR models were estimated. Then, the Granger-causality and impulse response were examined. From these results, we confirmed that rise of the cellular phone growth rate did not influence growth of the occupancy rate of motor freight for business use. And, we confirmed that the rise of the cellular phone growth rate lowered the occupancy rate of motor freight for private use.

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SCM construction age, the importance of the core competence establishment in a company is increasing. As a result, the tendency for many companies to do outsourcing of the various functions other than core competence to a third person has become strong. Especially, it is remarkable in physical distribution business. However, in results of an investigation, it does not fully match between shipper company commission needs and the trust needs of a physical distribution company. The main subject suggested the actual condition of the mismatch of the needs between a shipper company and a physical distribution company, and the subject of physical distribution service industry training.

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As a result of the international horizontal division of labor of a manufacturing industry progressing centering in Northeast Asia recently, the amount of international shipping freight traffic within the sphere of Northeast Asia is increasing rapidly. The international shipper company is demanding the reduction in physical distribution cost, and high frequency and high-level service, in order to maintain and secure the competitive power for surviving in international horizontal division of labor, and winning straight victories in competition. In it, the method proposal of an improvement of an international physical distribution based strategy of the background of offshore production area specification, the development present condition of the BUSAN new port, a problem, and the BUSAN new port is considered centering in the Busan-Jinhae Free Economic Zone.

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Under the rapidly changing economy situation, the introduction of TPL is one of the best alternatives for enterprises to improve their competitive power. Thus customer and TPL provider should make an utmost effort to settle down TPL successfully with mutual understanding and cooperation. This paper offers basic data needed for managers of the providers and users of logistics services in making a useful decision.

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It accompanies, an advanced logistics service level is requested the diversification of consumer needs and the upgrade, and the multi frequency small sum delivery etc. have been generalized according to it. The improvement of the logistics service is invited the excess of the freight car in logistics in the city that greatly depends on the freight car, and leads to the traffic jam, environmental problems, and the logistics cost rise. In this research, the realities and the problem are understood around Tokyo referring to this situation, and the direction of its efficiency improvement is examined.

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3PL attracts attention as new business of physical distribution companies. And the shipping companies are embarking on this business in recent years. So in this paper, to the typical shipping companies of Japan, South Korea and China, the present conditions of embarkation to 3PL are surveyed, and each feature is shown.

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Natural gas is kind to environment, and is notable as an alternative energy of oil. Especially the demand of natural gas for generation of electricity is increasing every year. And by the new participation of developing nations such as china and India, demand of natural gas is increasing. Accordingly, the number of LNG tankers which transport liquid natural gas (LNG) is also increasing.
In this paper, the present condition of LNG is shown, and the model which calculates the required fleet of the LNG tanker is built. And the effective range of this model is shown.

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This paper examines the causes and the changes of the marine container cargos transportation focusing on the changes of the international logistics structure of Korea, China and Japan as the interdependence of these countries is fortified. Furthermore, this paper also examines the tasks for building an efficient logistics network to provide for the extension of economic cooperation among these countries.

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