The view of earnings in accounting shifted from the revenue and expense view of earnings to the asset and liability view of earnings, with the result that comprehensive income now occupies an important position alongside current net profit as an indicator of financial performance. Comprehensive income is the change in net asset of an entity during a period resulting from transactions and other economic events (excluding capital transactions). Comprehensive income for a period includes current profit or loss plus “other comprehensive income” (OCI) recognized in that period. In Japan, “revaluation differences on other securities”, “deferred profit or loss on hedge transactions”, “retirement benefit adjustments” and “currency translation adjustments” can be presented in “statement of income and comprehensive income” or “comprehensive income statement” as the OCI. These items originate in external economic events that the management can not control, such as price, interest rate and exchange rate fluctuations.

In this article, the essence and the characteristics of comprehensive income and OCI are explicated, and then the accounting treatment (in particular, the presentation method) of “accumulated OCI” is theoretically examined. In conclusion, “accumulated OCI” should be stated as “enterprise equity” (or fund equity) on the basis of the equity concept (restriction to assets) under Vatter’s Fund Theory of Accounting.

This article argues how Territorio-based bottom-up activities using existing rural resources restore the balance of economic, social, and environmental values. First, the EU Common Agriculture Policy and the LEADER programme are explained. After World War II, Europe submitted to an industrial agriculture paradigm, promoting efficiency-oriented farming with mass production, consolidation, and specialization for the primary objective of food production increase. In the 1980s, post-productivism emerged due to agricultural income decline and industry shrinkage. The focus of agriculture was shifted from production to rural amenities, services, landscape and cultural elements. Secondly, this paper explains how the EU works on bottom-up regional revitalization using the Territorio approach. Territorio consists of “landscapes with natural conditions of topography and geology, water and plant ecosystems and with human conditions of agricultural activities, residents in urban and rural areas, farms and monasteries (Jinnai, 2019, p. 13)” and “a region where urban, rural and countryside share one common socio-economic and cultural identity (Jinnai, et al., 2019, p.2)”. This is having success in the EU, in which the stakeholders form networks and collaboratively work and formulate strategies that meet the characteristics and needs of their Territorio. Thirdly, this study describes the case study of the western foothills of Mount Amiata, Grosseto Province in Tuscany. People in the Territorio collaboratively play central roles in endogenous development, resulting in rural revitalization.

Based on a questionnaire survey of 2,269 Facebook users, this study investigates whether participation benefits (hedonic benefits, informational benefits, social benefits and economic benefits) limit or promote negative effects and how negative effects impact relationship (trust) and loyalty (recommendation) on Facebook pages. Negative effects are measured by information overload, irritation, privacy concerns and regrets about Facebook pages. The findings of the empirical analysis are as follows:

· Hedonic benefits and informational benefits limit negative effects. On the other hand, social benefits and economic benefits (10% significant level) promote them.

· Satisfaction negatively impacts regret.

· There are causal relationships among the factors of negative effects.

· Privacy concerns negatively impact trust. However, the impact of regret on trust and regret on recommendation is not significant, so the hypotheses are rejected.

Additionally, the difference between the two groups, such as male and female and high and low “like” intention were examined in detail by simultaneous analysis of several groups.

· In the group with low intention to “like”, comment and share, regret negatively impacts trust.

· Moreover, in the group of low intention to comment and the female group, regret negatively impacts recommendation.

Based on these results, implications for theory and practice are discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the factors that helped small and medium-sized manufacturers to develop sales channels to overseas companies. We conducted a case study of three small and medium-sized textile companies that realized sales to overseas companies.

As a result, the following three points were clarified as factors for realizing sales to overseas companies. The first is the change in entrepreneurial activity. The second is the change in marketing strategy. Third is the change in production and development functions.

In order to sell to overseas companies, it can be said that not only changes in entrepreneurial activities shown in previous research but also changes in marketing strategy, production, and development are important.

The poor working conditions for foreign workers in Japanese supply chain factories are under the spotlight, with a rise in “escapee interns”. Japanese tier 1 or tier 2 suppliers hire foreign workers through the Technical Intern Training Program in order to improve their competitiveness. Japanese companies need to address this issue by developing sustainable supply chains and well-organized social audit systems. A survey of research papers on traditional social audit systems around the world finds that these systems can be classified into three types: “enforcement type”, “capacity-building type”, and “worker-driven type” (non-traditional）. Then, we looked at the initiative of Japanese apparel company X, which also operates in the United Kingdom. In 2015, the UK adopted the Modern Slavery Act for large companies, forcing company X to comply with the Act.

This qualitative study demonstrates the following: first, companies must utilize the three approaches strategically to building sustainable supply chains, continuously reviewing and making improvements, depending on their structure and circumstances. Second, amid rising numbers of absconding interns in the Japanese apparel industry, the technical intern training program requires an institutional overhaul, and these companies should apply the worker-driven approach. Third, there are specific problems providing correct CSR information to suppliers, which seems to be “lost in translation” across Japanese supply chains with intermediary trading companies—despite dialogue with suppliers being the focus of the capacity-building approach.

This paper discusses the development of the pharmaceutical industry in Osaka between the 1870s and the 1910s through analysis of the activities of medicine dealers in Doshomachi. Innovative entrepreneurs took key roles in advancing the industry, the reason this area was chosen as the location of this research. Pharmaceuticals are a typical research and development-based industry. In Japan’s case, the foundations of the industry were laid in the Meiji and Taisho era (1868–1925). The Government adopted Western medicine as the basis of the health system and pursued measures to disseminate medical science. The required drugs were expensive and had to be imported from the West, resulting in unstable supply. Medicine dealers in Osaka adapted to the new system. A few dealers started to import Western medicines and grew their companies into pharmaceutical manufacturers. Their activities included founding educational institutions and cooperative companies. Later, World War I disrupted imports of medicine from Germany, plunging the market into chaos. The Government imposed export bans and subsidized the domestic pharmaceutical industry. These actions were influenced by medicine dealers in Osaka. This paper reveals their contributions through analysis principally of corporate histories and industry publications.

This article is a review paper on Merton’s portfolio problem with transaction costs. This problem has been of great interest to many researchers since it was first raised in the 1970s. After many years of trial and error and research progress, this article addresses the studies that have made the greatest contribution to solving the problem, in historical order. After a detailed description of the problem formulation, we focus on the ideas of analytical methods to solve the problem as well as the economic interpretation of optimal consumption and investment.

Many fan communities exist in the entertainment industry from movies and music to sports. This study sheds light on fan communities of professional sports teams, which readily generate shared identification among people. It examines the structure of factors across multiple dimensions, and aims to logically set out the antecedents and consequences of fan community identification. Collecting data from attendees of professional baseball (Study 1) and soccer (Study 2) home games, a confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were performed. In Study 1, we conceptualized fan community identification as a second-order latent construct, consisting of six first-order dimensions. It was found that this higher-order factor model had an acceptable fit to the data, proving evidence for construct validity. In Study 2, the results showed further evidence for the construct validity of the measurement model and highlighted the importance of two types of relationships between (1) stereotyped image-relevant factors (fan community distinctiveness→behavioral loyalty) and (2) value congruence-relevant factors (fan community similarity→fan community identification→behavioral loyalty). The proposed multidimensional scale will contribute to future research on group consumer psychology and behavior.

In architectural theory, when the complex development process is viewed over time, management science posits a dichotomy between “architectural knowledge” and “component knowledge.” However, there are few papers that demonstrate the division between architectural knowledge and component knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate this phenomenon. Regarding the dynamics of product architectures during generational technology shifts in wireless communication technology, statistical analysis was conducted on the causal relationship between the number of patent applications for processors and Multi-Layered Ceramic Capacitors and the number of patent applications for mobile phones. As a result, it was confirmed that in the process of technology generational change, there are two periods, one in which technological development is more focused inside the module and another in which technological development is conducted mainly around the module.

3,191 universities from 54 countries participated in the GUESSS 2018 survey of student entrepreneurial spirit. The global survey produced a total of 208,636 valid responses. In Japan, 49 universities and graduate schools participated, producing a total of 4,150 valid responses.

The purpose of this survey report is to understand the characteristics of entrepreneurial intention among Japanese students using the above data. Comparing results from all participating countries with those from Japan, we find that when asked about career preferences at graduation and in five years, a higher proportion of students in Japan hope to be employees. This tendency has been consistent since 2011 when the survey was first conducted in Japan. Students showing stronger entrepreneurial intention are those from departments of engineering, arts, and business administration. The intention among male students is higher than among female students. Regarding family, the intention of students whose mothers are self-employed is higher than others.

The rate of enrolment in entrepreneurship lectures has been increasing since the survey began. In particular, students who intend to be entrepreneurs immediately after graduation are more likely to be taking such lectures.

We examined whether differences in major, university location and parental occupation affect several variables including entrepreneurial intention. There was clear evidence that differences in major, university location and parental occupation produce significant effects.

A survey of previous research on deglobalization reveals studies discussing the implications for multinational corporations by contrasting liberalism and realism, the dichotomous schools of international relations theory. In 2020, the spread of COVID-19 was added to these political economy factors, causing an exogenous economic crisis. When discussing the causes of deglobalization, it is argued from a realist point of view that globalization deepens as hegemonic stability progresses, and that deglobalization occurs when the power of the hegemonic state fluctuates. There is also a view that the balance of power between the United States and China has changed, irreversibly changing the hegemony. This paper raises the hypothesis that countries that mishandle the COVID-19 pandemic may suffer significant economic losses and declining national power, causing hegemonic change. The release of trade and direct investment statistics in future will allow this hypothesis to be tested.

This paper tries to clarify the reasons for the introduction of the Commercial Code accounting regulations of 1890 by describing the process Japanese Commercial Code’s process, which established in 1890, based on previous studies of the legal history.

The results showed that the determinants of the Commercial Code of 1890 were as follows.

First, Karl Friedrich Hermann Roesler proposed the preparation of inventory and balance sheet and the valuation of property at market value, referring to the commercial laws of French and German.

Second, for the political and diplomatic reasons, the government chose to enact a commercial law based on Roesler’s Draft, which was the most practical.

Third, Although there were concerns in accounting practice with respect to the property inventorying and mark-to-market provisions, it was decided that if problems with the implementation of the accounting regulations arose, the Commercial Code would be amended as soon as possible to address them.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of telework on employees using panel data, based on changes in teleworkers. In particular, we analyzed the happiness, life satisfaction, and weekly working hours of those working remotely, focusing on whether or not they were covered by a telework system.

It was found that telecommuting by those not covered by a system, i.e., those simply taking their work out of the workplace and potentially working overtime, may reduce well-being and, life satisfaction, and increase the number of hours worked per week. On the other hand, in the case of those telecommuting under a system, the impact was positive. This implies that in order for telework to have a positive effect on employees’ working environment, it is important that telework is in place and applied as a system.