JAPANESE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY
Online ISSN : 2424-127X
Print ISSN : 0021-5007
ISSN-L : 0021-5007
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Volume 31, Issue 3
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
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  • [title in Japanese]
    Article type: Cover
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages Cover1-
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_Cover1
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [title in Japanese]
    Article type: Cover
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages Cover2-
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_Cover2
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • [title in Japanese]
    Article type: Appendix
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages App1-
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_App1
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  • DIVERSITY INDICES : RELATIONS TO SAMPLE SIZE AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION
    Shiro KOBAYASHI
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 231-236
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_231
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    Relationships of several diversity indices to sample size were compared for different spatial distributions of individuals by using a simulation technique based on two universes, each of which conformed to a different model of relative abundance. Three of the parametric indices, including α of the logseries model, were affected less by sample size when the spatial distribution was strongly contagious, while the SHANNON-WIENER index seemed to be relatively free from the effect of sample size in all of the spatial distributions. In the empirical data of two insect communities, the rank-abundance relation changed with sample size, thus reflecting the spatial distribution of individuals. The importance of spatial distribution was emphasized as the third component of species diversity for a sample, in addition to species richness and equitability. If other conditions are equal, a community with uniform spatial distribution must be more diverse than that with contagious distribution.
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  • EFFECTS OF FENITROTHION ON BENETHIC FAUNA IN SMALL STREAMS OF MT. TSUKUBA, JAPAN
    Masayuki YASUNO, Junko OKITA, Katsumi SAITO, Yuzuru NAKAMURA, Shigehis ...
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 237-245
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_237
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    Fenitrothion was applied to two small streams to observe the drifting patterns of invertebrates. A wide variation in the drifting patterns was found. Baetis sp. and Nemoura sp. drifted rapidly, but Elmis sp. and Ephemera japonica began to drift very late. Simulium could be classified as belonging to a rather early drifting group. The natural drifting from the upper stream did not seem to contribute to the recovery of fauna. The dominant species in the course of recovery changed from month to month. Simulium increased in density to a much higher level than in the previous two months after insecticide application. Anisogammarus sp., which habited the streams in large numbers, disappeared and did not recover even after four months even though the upper regions of one of the streams studied remained free of the chemical.
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  • REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY IN CLETHRIONOMYS RUFOCANUS BEDFORDIAE : 4. NUMBER OF EMBRYOS AND PRENATAL MORTALITY
    Yuzo FUJIMAKI
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 247-256
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_247
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    Variations in the number of embryos of Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae were examined using 747 pregnant females obtained from various areas of Hokkaido in 1967-1974. The number of embryos per pregnant female ranged from 1 to 10 and averaged 5.3. The mean was smaller than that in high latitudes of the Eurasian Continent. However, regional variation was not recognized within Hokkaido. The mean number of embryos was 5.9 in June, 4.8 in August and 5.2 in October. The number of embryos tended to increase with advanced age and increased body weight of females, but it decreased in females of 12 months old. Thus the decline in the number of embryos in August and October was attributed to advanced age in overwintered females and recruitment of young females to the population. There was no difference in the number of embryos between primiparous females and multiparous ones. The number of corpora lutea per pregnant female ranged from 2 to 14 and averaged 6.1. Prenatal loss of embryos was found in 36.0% of the 439 pregnant females examined. The prenatal mortality was 9.0% for overwintered females and 16.5% for females of the year, and it increased with the increasing number of corpora lutea.
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  • BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF WATERHYACINTH AND ITS ABILITY TO REMOVE INORGANIC MINERALS FROM WATER : I. EFFECT OF THE CONCENTRATION OF CULTURE SOLUTION ON THE RATES OF PLANT GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE
    Haruo SATO, Testuya KONDO
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 257-267
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_257
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    The biomass production and nutrient removal from water by Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms populations were experimentally tested for a wide range of nutrient concentration in culture solution. The growth of the biomass was successfully simulated by a simple logistic curve for the respective nutrient concentrations. The maximum growth rate at a total nitrogen concentration of 28 ppm (corresponding to 7.7 ppm of total P), 639 g (fresh wt)/m^2 day, was obtained at a biomass level of 6.7 kg (fresh wt)/m^2. The dependence of biomass (w) on nutrient concentration (f) was closely approximated at every stage of growth by the empirical eaquation, 1/w=Af^<-1/2>+A'f^2+B, where A, A' and B are time dependent constants. The optimum concentration of nutrients (ca. 50 ppm N and 13.8 ppm P) remained almost constant throughout the experimental period of 48 days. The maximum rate of nutrient removal was estimated as 13.1 kg N/ha day and 2.7 kg P/ha day.
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  • COMPARATIVE ECOLOGY ON THE FLUVIAL FORMS OF SALMO (ONCORHYNCHUS) MASOU MASOU (BREVOORT) AND SALVELINUS LEUCOMAENIS (PALLAS)(PISCES, SALMONIDAE) : I. STRUCTURE OF SPAWNING REDDS AND SPAWNING SITES IN KAMIDANI, RIVER YURA
    Takashi MARUYAMA
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 269-284
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_269
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    Structure of spawning redds, physical conditions of spawning sites and spawning season were compared between the fluvial forms of S.(O.) masou and Salv. leucomaenis in Kamidani, head water of River Yura, from 1973 to 1975. Spawning sites selectivity and redd construction pattern in S.(O.) masou are strictly limited. Spawning occurs only near the lower end of "pools (including small sluggish areas)", with constant flow and slightly inclined or approximately level stream bed composed of mainly 1-3 cm gravel. Furthermore spawning takes place rather in the lower portion of stream and in the larger pools. The construction pattern and structure of redds in Salv. leucomaenis are variable, indicating a wide selectivity for spawning sites. Spawning occurs in both the upper and lower parts of pools, where the velocity of current and the gradient of stream bed vary widely, but always with more or less whirling flow and stream bed composed of mainly 1-3 cm gravel. Moreover spawning takes place rather in the upper portion of the stream and in the smaller pools. It is clear that spawning sites selectivities of these two species differ distinctly, and their spawning sites are in most parts segregated from each other.
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  • COMPARISON OF LOCOMOTOR BEHAVIOR BETWEEN STANDING-WATER- AND RUNNING-WATER-DWELLING GAMMARIDS
    Masanori HIROKI
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 285-294
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_285
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    The locomotor behavior of Anisogammarus jesoensis SCHELLENBERG, Anisogammarus annandalei (TATTERSALL)(these two species inhabit both standing-waters and running-waters), and Gammarus nipponensis UENO (found only in running-waters) was compared by field and laboratory observations. The observations revealed that 1) locomotive movement is conducted by two types of behavior-swimming and crawling ; 2) a running-water-dweller of A.jesoensis or A.annandalei crawls more frequently and swims less frequently than a standing-water-dweller of the respective species, even in a laboratory aquarium with the current condition arranged equally to the standing-water-dwellers and to the running-water-dwellers ; 3) any running-water-dweller of the three species increases the relative frequency of crawling when the current condition of the water is changed experimentally from standing to running, while the standing-water-dwellers do not necessarily react in such a way ; 4) in the case of standing-water-dwellers, the relative frequency of crawling is very low either in A.jesoensis or A.annandalei, while in the case of running-water-dwellers it is widely different among the three species-fairly low in A.jesoensis, medium in A.annandalei, very high in G.nipponensis. Adaptive meaning of these behavioral characters to the current conditions of their habitats is discussed.
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  • PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN A 63-YEAR-OLD PLANTATION OF SCIADOPITYS VERTICILLATA SIEB. ET ZUCC. AT HINO, SHIGA
    Masatoshi OHKUBO, Hideki SAITO, Masaji TAKEOKA
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 295-305
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_295
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    Biomass, litterfall and net production of a 63-year-old plantation of S. verticillata were invesitigated at the down hill side of Mt. Watamuki-yama in Shiga Prefecture. Six sample trees were felled and weighed after the stratified clip technique. The values per hectare were estimated by means of allometric relations between D^2H and the amount of each part of a tree. The leaf biomass (34.0 t/ha in ovendry wt.) was one of the largest amount among various other forests in Japan, which might be due to the lasting leaf longevity and the large live crown length. Biomass density (1.85 kg/dm^3) was also large in comparison with the values of various forests in Japan. The leaffall began in May, and as time goes on, the amount of leaffall increased recording the maximum value from August to September, then decreased to the end of the growing season. The seasonal fluctuation of leaffall seems to have a close relation to the temperature increase or development of new leaves. Such a pattern has not yet found in the evergreen forests in Japan except young dense stands.
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  • REGENERATION OF TSUGA SIEBOLDII FOREST : III. REGENERATION UNDER A CANOPY GAP WITH LOW DENSITY LEVEL OF CONIFER SEEDLINGS AND A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE TIME OF GAP FORMATION
    Eizi SUZUKI
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 307-316
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_307
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    The process of regeneration of a Tsuga sieboldii forest in Shikoku, Japan was studied by destructive sampling of saplings regenerating under a gap in the canopy formed by the fall of big conifer trees about 23 years ago. The time of gap formation was estimated by the age of shoots sprouting up from the trunks of understorey broadleaf trees which were pushed down by the falling boles. Regenerating saplings mostly belonged to broadleaf evergreen species, while conifer seedlings were scarce except on the root mass of a fallen tree probably owing to unsuitable ground surface conditions. The growth of saplings of conifers and a broadleaf evergreen species (Eurya japonica) during the initial stage after germination was restored based on stem analysis data. Conifer seedlings that germinated immediately after gap formation grew most rapidly, and seemed to be enough to restore the broken canopy in the future.
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  • THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERNS OF SURFACE POLLEN AND VEGETATION IN HAKKODA MOUNTAINS
    Yoshimune MORITA
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 317-328
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_317
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    Isopollen map, one of the suitable and simple method in displaying the distributional pattern of pollen was used in comparing the surface pollen data with the present vegetation data in Hakkoda Mountains. These results show a similarity between the pollen distributional patterns of some species such as Fagus, Pinus and Abies and the distribution of the vegetation. This method indicates also its possibility in reproducting the vegetational patterns from the pollen data.
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  • COMPOSITION AND DENSITY OF DICTYOSTELID CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS IN THE KUSHIRO MOOR, HOKKAIDO
    Fusayuki KANDA
    Article type: Article
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 329-333
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_329
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    Species composition and density of Dictyostelid cellular slime molds in the Kushiro moor, Hokkaido, were investigated by means of a clonal isolation technique that permitted quantitative sampling of population. Five species, Dictyostelium mucoroides BREFELD, D.purpureum OLIVE, D.minutum RAPER, Polysphondylium pallidum OLIVE and P.violaceum BREFELD, were isolated from soil sampled at 8 sites in the study area. Absolute densities (the number of clones per gram of soil) of the species in the Kushiro moor were very lower than those from forest soil around the moor. The relative density of the cellular slime molds in the Kushiro moor differs from those of other places reported previously. Two species, P.pallidum and D.mucoroides, were common in the Kushiro moor.
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  • [title in Japanese]
    Article type: Appendix
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages i-
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_i
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  • [title in Japanese]
    Article type: Cover
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages Cover3-
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_Cover3
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  • [title in Japanese]
    Article type: Cover
    1981 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages Cover4-
    Published: September 30, 1981
    Released on J-STAGE: April 12, 2017
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18960/seitai.31.3_Cover4
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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