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Article type: Cover
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
Cover1-
Published: March 30, 1984
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Article type: Cover
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
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Tadashi SUZUKI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
1-7
Published: March 30, 1984
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Seasonal changes in the amount of flesh intake by colonies of a polistine wasp, Polistes chinensis antennalis PEREZ, were assessed. First, the cumulative amount of flesh intake was estimated for various times. Seasonal changes of this amount were represented as follows : Y=10.332/[1+exp(3.410-0.06354T)], where Y is the amount of flesh intake in g dry weight per colony, and T is the day from May 31. Then seasonal changes in the amount of daily flesh intake per colony were estimated from the changes in cumulative amount mentioned above. The amount of flesh intake per colony per day, which showed its peak in late July, was larger in late July than in other periods. The mean maximum value was estimated to be 164 mg dry weight. Seasonal changes in the amount of flesh intake at a population level were also evaluated for a hypothetical population with varying rates of colony survival.
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Hideo BANNO
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
9-14
Published: March 30, 1984
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The larvae of N. sappho were reared on three different foods : W. floribunda, P. lobata and R. pseudoacacia. The larval duration, dry matter and energy budgets, and the efficiency of food utilization were compared among the larvae of the three food groups. There was no difference in the values obtained for the larvae reared on P. lobata and R. pseudo-acacia ; however, the larvae reared on W. floribunda grew more slowly than those reared on the former two foods. The larvae of Wistaria group consumed a greater amount of the food than those of the other groups. However, the approximate digestibility and effciency of conversion of digested food to larval body were low in Wistaria group. Consequently, the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to larval body became low. Thus the larvae of Wistaria group seemed to be delayed in growth in comparison with those of the other groups.
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Mitsuo MITSUDERA, Yasushi KAMATA, Kaneyuki NAKANE
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
15-25
Published: March 30, 1984
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Precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and stream discharge were measured simultaneously throughout a year from middle April of 1981 till early April of 1982 in both a natural and burnt red pine forest on Etajima Island, Hiroshima Prefecture, west Japan, where a forest fire occurred in June of 1978. Little difference in precipitation between these two forests was found, however, throughfall in the burnt forest was always larger than that in the natural forest due to the loss of the canopy by fire, the annual ratio of throughfall to precipitation was estimated at 94.4% and 83.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference in stemflow between the two forests, because stemflow was promoted by smoothing out the thick and rugged bark by fire in spite of the loss of most of the canopy (leaves and fine branches). Consequently, the annual interception storage, which is estimated as the balance between precipitation and the sum of throughfall and stemflow, was 3.6% and 14.0% of the annual precipitation in the burnt and natural forests, respectively. The difference in interception storage between these two forests (10.4% of annual precipitation) corresponded closely to difference of stream discharge, especially that of the direct flow between them.
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Yoshio OGAWA, Shun-ei ICHIMURA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
27-33
Published: March 30, 1984
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The relationship between phytoplankton diversity and the nutrients of inland waters was studied by using a growth model. A low diversity phytoplankton community (made up of more than 90% of one species) developed in hyper-or oligotrophic waters, and a phytoplankton community with high diversity occurred in meso-or eutrophic waters. Field surveys suggest that species respond in special ways to different nutrient levels.
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Takuo YAMAKURA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
35-45
Published: March 30, 1984
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The frequency distribution of individual weight in Cryptomeria japonica and Raphanus sativus populations was studied, with special reference to the reciprocal equation of the C-D effect. Limited by the reciprocal equation of the C-D effect, all the coefficients of the distribution function of weight in a population were expressed by empirical equations of the population density of plants. These empirical equations simulated the systematic changes of the distribution density function of weight in the populations. Thus, the behavior of the distribution density function of weight in populations was expressed as a normalized density function of weight.
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Ichiroku HAYASHI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
47-53
Published: March 30, 1984
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The relationships between plant weight (W), plant height (H) and diameter at stem base (D), and the weight ratios of above-ground (T) and belowground (R) parts, and of leaves (Wi) and stems (Ws) were examined for the successional dominants Chenopodium album, Polygonum persicaria, Erigeron annuus, Oenothera parviflora, Artemisia princeps and Miscanthus sinensis. The relationships W=aX^b(X=D, H or DH), R=cT^d and Ws=eW_i^f were calculated for each species ; the constants a, b, c, d, e and f were determined for each species. The constants d and f were similar for all species except d of A. princeps, while the constants c and e varied from species to species. The value of c increases in the species of later stages of secondary succession. In other words, the weight ratio of belowground to above-ground parts increases in the species of later stages of succession. A. princeps exhibits a growth form which was a higher ratio of leaves in above-ground parts (small e value) than that of other species. In contrast E. annuus displays a growth form with a higher stem weight ratio in above-ground parts (large e value) than other species. These ecological characteristics are discussed in relation to the mechanism of secondary succession.
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Izumi WASHITANI, Toshiro SAEKI
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
55-61
Published: March 30, 1984
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The effects of ploughing or removal of an aboveground vegetation on the germination and emergence of Amaranthus patulus Bertol. were studied in a field in the second year of secondary succession. During the study period from late March to early July, the seedling emergence of this species was to a large extent dependent on treatments that lead to make bare ground. These field observations corresponded with the results of the laboratory studies which showed that germination was strongly inhibited under a simulated leaf canopy.
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Hachiro KURE, Kyoji YODA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
63-73
Published: March 30, 1984
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The lower limit of the altitudinal distribution of the Japanese beech (Fagus crenata) forests is remarkably lower in the Japan Sea climate than in the Pacific climate with similar temperature conditions. The authors attempted to explain the phenomenon by an analysis of the effects of climatic factors on two dominant species, Fagus crenata of the cool-temperate deciduous forest zone and Quercus stenophylla of the warm-temperate evergreen oak forest zone. Results of the temperature analysis using Kira's warmth index and coldness index showed that beech can survive in the warmer areas in the Japan Sea climate than in the Pacific climate. Conversely, the temperature condition of the upper limit of the oak forest distribution was the same in both climate. A multiple regression analysis of 58 climatic factors was done to explain the abnormal lower distribution of beech forests. The phenomenon could be satisfactorily explained by the absolute value of the products of winter precipitation and coldness index. The value, snowdrifts duration index (SDI), was related closely to the duration of snowdrifts.
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Tohru NAKASHIZUKA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
75-85
Published: March 30, 1984
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Nature of gap formation was studied to know the scale and speed of regeneration in a climax beech forest at Mt. Moriyoshi, Akita Prefecture, northeastern Japan. The maximum size of gaps in a 2.4 hectare plot was 470 m^2,and the gap amounted to 20% of the total land area. Number of gap making trees per gap was 1-5,2.0 on the average. These findings supported the presumption that beeches regenerate in the gaps made by the fallings or death of one or several canopy trees. The concentration of gap formations in particular years was not observed. On the average, 0.55-1.1 canopy trees per hectare died, and a gap area of 41-82 m^2 per hectare was made annually. The turnover time of the canopy layer in the forest, which was calculated from the rate of the gap formation, was 100-200 years. The turnover time was comparable to that calculated from the annual increment or death rate of biomass and the biomass of the forest. The dynamic equilibrium in a climax forest seemed to be sustained by these partial regenerations and gap formations. The effects of gap size on regeneration and the undergrowth of dwarf bamboo on the repairing of gaps were discussed.
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Yoshikazu SHIMIZU
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
87-100
Published: March 30, 1984
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The regeneration mechanism of the forest (1.5-5 m high) was analyzed in terms of the relation between the distribution of 44 tree and shrub species and an environmental gradient on a slope, and between canopy gaps and the establishment and growth of seedlings and juveniles. Many species occurred in a wide range of habitats, each having its most favorite condition. As almost all species had their seedlings under the canopy, and many of them had more juveniles in canopy gaps, it appeared that the gaps were necessary for the growth of seedlings and juveniles rather than for the germination of seeds and establishment of seedlings. It was concluded that a series of tree-by-tree replacements in conjunction with small gap formation by a single dead tree may be the general mechanism of regeneration in the forest studied.
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Masahiko OHNO
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
101-111
Published: March 30, 1984
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Seasonal distributions of chironomid larvae were studied in the Zempukuji River from April 1976 through February 1977. Chironomus yoshimatsui was dominant in the upper region of the river, and Cricotopus bicinctus was generally dominant in the lower region. Habitat conditions of the upper region were characterized by weak water flow, muddy substratum, dense growth of aquatic macrophytes, and severe oxygen deficiency at night. On the other hand, the lower region of the river was characterized by a faster water flow, embedded pebble and loose cobble bottom, and less severe oxygen deficiency. BOD, pH, and nutritive salt (N, P) levels of the water were not significantly different between the two regions. The distribution and abundance of the two species of chironomid larvae seemed to depend on the degree of oxygen depletion in the river.
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Ryonosuke OKUNO
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
113-121
Published: March 30, 1984
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About 1,500 individuals of the Japanese toad, Bufo japonicus japonicus, inhabiting the campus of Kanazawa University were studied by the toe-clipping marking method from 1973 to 1981. Investigations of the six breeding ponds on the campus revealed that toads belonging to each breeding group generally went to the same pond for breeding every spring throughout their life. The largest breeding group (pond H-group) had about 200 adult males and females, and the smallest one (pond N-group) had only 20 adults. Emigrations of toads among these breeding groups sometimes occurred. Twenty-five toads changed their breeding pond during the 8 years ; twenty-three of them moved from the largest pond H-group to the neighbouring smaller Y-and M-group ponds. Therefore, it was concluded that emigrations may occur from a larger group to a smaller one.
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Hitoshi SAWADA, Chikahiro TSUDA
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
123-128
Published: March 30, 1984
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Regeneration from lodging tiller (RN) of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were studied in a pasture in Shizunai, Hokkaido. Among examined 1912 plants of timothy, 71 plants were produced by RN. RN dispersed 13 cm in average from its parent. RN-ramets were generally born in autumn, most of which survived over winter. Four types of RN (NT-RN, NB-RN, TVT-RN, and TVB-RN) were identified on the bases of tiller types and size of tiller bud. Most of RN-ramets were originated by TVT-RN (Juvenile tiller on the top-vegetative elongated tiller). The establishment of RN-ramets were more frequent in semi-marsh and flat with light grazing pressure and many open patches, and less in marsh with light grazing pressure and flat with heavy grazing pressure and few open patches. These results show that the amounts of RN-recruitment are a few and different among the adjacent subpopulations.
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Article type: Appendix
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
129-130
Published: March 30, 1984
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
130-131
Published: March 30, 1984
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
131-132
Published: March 30, 1984
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Article type: Appendix
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
133-139
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Article type: Appendix
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
140-
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Article type: Index
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
a-c
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Article type: Index
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
d-e
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Article type: Cover
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
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Published: March 30, 1984
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Article type: Cover
1984 Volume 34 Issue 1 Pages
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