For aerosol foam cosmetic development, very careful selection of foam properties is essential. Hard, moist and uncollapse properties are preferable for shaving foam products. Soft, slightly dry and collapse properties are preferable for hair styling foam products.
The influence of various components, fatty acids, alcohols, polymers, surface active agents, and propellants on foam properties is discussed.

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洗浄技術は、日常生活から一般工業分野に至るまで多岐に渡って活用されている。洗浄では、固体基質に腐食や変形などのダメージを与えることなく、最適な組成や手法を選択しなければならない。また、近年では低環境負荷材料への置き換えも訴求されている。本稿では、電子材料向けのポリマーフィルム（フォトレジスト）の洗浄に焦点を当て、溶媒や界面活性剤が及ぼす影響について多角的な分析手法を通して論じる。

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Polyglycerol esters were prepared by esterifying fatty acids with polyglycerol in the presence of alkali catalyst at 230°C. They were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography or the like. And their surface activities (surface tension, wetting power, emulsion stability etc.) were determined in comparison with other usual nonionic surfactants.
The following results are obtained.
1) The contents of free polyglycerol in polyglycerol mono-ester are shown to be ca. 20%.
2) The surface tension of 10-1-L (decaglyceryl mono laurate) is 27.6 dyne/cm, which is considerably lower than that of other nonionic surfactants.
3) The wetting power are less effective than that of other usual nonionic surfactants.
4) In foaming power, 10-1-L is a little superior than sucrose mono laurate.
5) 10-1-s (decaglyceryl mono stearate) has the widest region of stable emulsion among the obtained polyglycerol esters.

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Stable emulsions of ethyl silicate (ES) were prepared for the use of binders in refractory processing. The rheological characteristics and hardening mechanisms of alumina slurries produced by the use of a new binder system consisting of ES emulsions and water glass were investigated together with the properties of the ES emulsions. The highly dispersed alumina slurries were obtained by the modification of alumina surface to be negatively charged prior to mixing the alumina particles with the binder system in which ES droplets are charged negatively. The alumina slurries having the rheological behavior of rheopexy were found to be advantageous in fluidity and durability for the casting process. Moreover, the slurries cast in a metallic mold were hardened spontaneously by heating up to a certain temperature at which ES emulsions break down, because the gelification proceeds according to the alkali-catalized hydrolysis of ES. Both the resulting green bodies and alumina cores fired at 1000°C proved to have a strength satisfactory in handling and casting, respectively.

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Resembling lipstick,Lidocaine Stick (LS) is used for pinpoint anesthesia of the skin prior to invasive procedures in dermatology or plastic surgery treatments,and has been shown to produce a quick and sustained anesthetic effect.We designed a formula and preparation method for LS,and evaluated its anesthetic effect by conducting a prick test in volunteers and a clinical study in patients undergoing pimple excision.We were able to design a surfactant-containing oily formulation for LS and a preparation method for it.
The results of the prick test indicated that the anesthetic effect of a 60% LS was comparable to that of a commercially available tape preparation containing the same volume of lidocaine.In the clinical study on patients undergoing pimple excision,the 60% LS produced an anesthesia rate of 65.5%.Furthermore in a questionnaire survey,both volunteers and patients responded favorably with regard to the smoothness and ease of use of the 60% LS.

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化粧品分野における粉体の表面処理技術は，製剤中での安定性向上や機能性向上，また感触改良などを目的として利用される。近年，パウダーファンデーションに代表される粉末状化粧品においては，「なめらか」，「しっとり」，「柔らかい」といった感触が好まれ，こうした使用感特徴に応じて処理剤の種類や処理濃度の異なる化粧品用粉体を使い分けている。従来，表面処理による粉体感触は官能評価に頼っており，客観的指標による感触特性の体系化は十分になされていない。本研究では，処理剤の種類，あるいは処理濃度の異なる化粧品用表面処理粉体について，粉体層直接せん断試験で得られる物性指標と，感触との相関性を調査した。その結果，内部摩擦係数μ_i，せん断付着力τ_cと「すべり性」，「しっとり感」との間にそれぞれ一定の相関があることを確認し，さらには圧密粉体の応力緩和率σ_srrと「柔らかさ」との間にも相関性を見いだしたので報告する。

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In order to improve the dissolution characteristics of hydrophobic drug from capsule dosage forms, a hydrophilic and non-ionic surfactant was allowed to adsorb onto crystal surfaces ; the solid-state polyoxyethylene cetyl ether and phenylbutazone, dissolved into methylene chloride, were cospray-dried in a mini-spray drier. The concentrations of surfactant added varied in the range of 0-1%. From the results of scanning electron photomicrographic observations of spray-dried samples, it was estimated that a thin film of the surfactant was developed over the crystal surfaces. The surface characteristics of the samples were evaluated by a contact angle measured by the droplet method. The contact angle decreased significantly in the range of more than 0.2% addition of surfactant, and, thus, the effective hydrophilization could be achieved. As for hydrophobic or hydrophilic formulation systems containing a small amount of surfactant-treated phenylbutazone, the hydrophilization effect was plainly reflected in the contact angle and a dissolution rate from an encapsulated formulation in the former system, whereas it was not apparently reflected in the latter.

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スキンケア化粧品は, 皮膚を保護しその機能を正常化することを目的に使用されている。これら望まれる機能を実現するために, 種々の油性原料や乳化剤・乳化技術が開発されており, それらは, いっそう機能化が追求される傾向にある。ここでは最近, スキンケ化粧品用に開発された新技術の中から, 特に, 油性原料として (1) セラミド及びセラミド製剤 (2) マカデミアナッツ油誘導体 (3) 油溶性プロビタミンC, 又, 乳化剤・乳化技術として (1) 界面活性剤の自己組織性の利用 (2) ポリグリセリン脂肪酸エステル (3) 高分子乳化剤 (4) レシチン・レシチン誘導体についてそれぞれ記述した。

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A stable lubricant system of sericite and paraffinic mineral oil was made with success by means of controlling the affinity between the solid surface and the mineral oil. The process is composed mainly of two stages, i.e. lipophylic treatment of the sericite surface with anionic surfactant and dispersion of the treatedsericite into the mineral oil incorporated with a small amount of polyglyceryl oleate.
The appropriate amount of anionic surfactant corresponding to the saturated monolayer adsorption onto the sericite surface was added in the aqueous sericite suspension, where the pH was adjusted at 7 to 8 and a sufficient amount of calcium chloride was mixed previously.
The sericite pretreated with sodium lauryl sulfate was highly dispersed in the mineral oil in presence of hexaglyceryl pentaoleate. However, the dispersion found the formation of compact sediments resulting from free sedimentation of particles. On the other hand, the sericite pretreated with di (2-ethyl hexyl) sulfosuccinate of which adsorbed layer has a relatively larger polarity than that of lauryl sulfate layer produced markedly stable dispersion when decaglycerylhepta oleate was added due to the formation of a “loose” flocculated structure among the particles, resulting in the prevention of compact sediments. Such a stable sericite dispersion is expected to be applied in the lubricant system required for high durability under conditions such as at a higher temperature, since the surfactants used in the system have the higher heatresisting property in comparison with that of the conventinal cationic surfactants.

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アルキルジメチルアミンオキシドを用いたβ-グリチルレチン酸（GA）の可溶化において，溶液中のGA濃度が増加すると溶液粘度は上昇することがわかった。さらに，この系に水酸化カリウムを添加して溶液粘度のpH依存性を検討したところ，pHが上昇すると溶液粘度は逆に低下することが見出された。そこで，これらの粘度変化の原因を検討するため，小角X線散乱（SAXS）測定を用いて溶液中のミセル状態を解析した。その結果，GA濃度やpHの変化により，ミセルが形態変化することが明らかになったので報告する。

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A simple method for the simultaneous determination of pantothenyl alcohol (PA) and pantothenyl ethyl ether (PE) in cosmetics by high performance liquid chromatography has been developed. Samples (cosmetics) containing PA and PE were dissolved with chloroform (CHCl₃). The samples including PA and PE were passed through Bondelute SI^[○!R] cartrige. After washing the cartrige with CHCl₃, PA and PE were eluted with methanol (MeOH). The optimum condition for the separation of PA and PE in cosmetics were as follows : column, TSK gel ODS 80 T_s (4.6 mm i.d.×150 mm) ; mobile phase, CH₃CN-MeOH-H₂O (15 : 10 : 75), 0.5 ml/min ; column temperature, 40°C ; detection wavelength, 210 nm. Recoveries of PA and PE from 7 cosmetics were more than 90%. Determination limits of PA and PE were 10 μg/g and 5 μg/g, respectively.

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Water-in-oil emulsions stabilized by using the gels, which are viscous emulsior of W/O type forned between surfactants (D) and aqueous solution of amino acids (W), were studied. The gels cannot be obtained with any random combination of surfactants and amino acids; their tormation is possible only when the surfactant is a fluid which has lipophilic property and a specific orderly lamellar structure and the amino acids or their salts which are readily soluble in water.
By dispersing these gels into the oil phase and then adding the water phase, extremely stable w/o emulsions with wide ranges of water content were obtained. This type of emulsification was termed “gel-emulsification method” by the authors. When this new technology was applied to the preparation of cosmetics, products with outstanding characteristics were obtained.
The function of the amino acids in the emulsification was investigated by using physico-chemical methods such as X-ray analysis, NMR, heat of solution, electoron-microscopy and measurement of water content solubilized in the surfactant phase. It may be concluded that the amino acids are effective in forming tight surface atmosphere around water particles and in preventing coalescence of water particles by strong hydration effect of the amino acids, thus stabilizing the w/o emulsion.

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In this study, mutagenic potential of nine main surfactants after activation with various liver homogenates (S-9) was examined by using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) were used as inducers, and the S-9 fractions of livers of rats, hamsters and guinea pigs were used for this test. Further, mutagenicity of these surfactants in the presence of norharman (comutagen) was also examined. It was suggested that no surfactants used in this study were mutagenic on the strains of TA98 and TA100 in this test systems.

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Dispersibility of the sericite, of which surface was pretreated to be hydrophobic with oleylamine acetate, in organic solvents and some luburicant oils was observed in order to make the stable sericite-suspended lubricant oils. The sericite sample is well dispersed in some solvents such as methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), toluene, ethyl acetate which have a weak polarity and the values of solubility parameter falling in some narrow range. Hence the dispersing degree of the sericite in the nhexane suspension is improved by the addition of a polar solvent, such as MIBK.
The dispersibility of the sericite in the luburicant oils is increased in the order poly α-olefin oil<paraffinic mineral oil<dioctyl sebacate (DOS), corresponding to the increase in polarity of the luburicant oils, whereas the redispersing trend of the sediments falls in the same order. The stability of the sericite suspension of the mineral base oil is remarkably improved by the addition of DOS along with polyglyceryl oleate, such as hexaglyceryl pentaoleate and decaglyceryl decaoleate.
It is estimated that DOS with rather high polarity improves the affinity between the sericite surface and the mineral oil, and polyglyceryl oleate adsobed on the surface acts to form a “loose” flocculated structure among the particles, resulting in the prevention of compact sediments. It is found also that the method using such additives is effective for making practically stable lubricant dispersion so as to adjust the affinity between the given solid surface and the mineral oil, or the balance of respective cohesive forces between particles and between dispersion medium.

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To clarify the properties and behaviors of nonionic surfactants, ternary phase diagrams containing homogeneous and polydispersed P. O. E n-dodeca-nols as a component were studied. 1) The behaviors of homogeneous (N) and polydisperse (P) nonionic surfactants can readily be illustrated in the diagrams as the region of O/W or W/O solubilization, gel formation, etc. 2) The difference between the properties of homogeneous P. O. E. n-dodecanols (N4 and N8) and those of commercial products (P4 and P8) is easy to distinguish in the diagram. 3) The influences of the length and distribution in polyoxyethylen chain upon the phase diagram were discussed. 4) The influences of oil component on ternary systems are evident in those diagram (n-hexane and cyclo-hexane).

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