A criminal investigation laboratory is sometimes asked to identify chlorine on damaged clothes of pedestrians in a criminal case. However, it is difficult to prove the detection of sodium hypochlorite, the main component of chlorine , because it decomposes in a short time. In this study, decomposition of sodium hypochlorite was investigated to decide whether the ratio of chloride and chlorate ions produced through the decomposition of hypochlorite ion could be an effective indicator for the use of chlorine . A sample was prepared by making a piece of filter paper or fabric absorbed with 25 µL of sodium hypochlorite solution or chlorine and by drying it from one minute to 25 days. Chloride and chlorate ions in the sample were extracted into 100 mL of H₂O and determined by using ion chromatography. These two ions are stable and no significant change was observed in the ratio of them after the solution was dried. Therefore decomposed products can be detected from fabrics which had dried over a period of time and it is possible to show that chlorine was used. The ratio of these ions exhibited separated ranges among products by different manufacturers. In addition, the ratio of these ions was affected not only by the time after the bottle of was opened but also the types of fabric material, even if of same manufacturer was used. Comparing the ratio of two ions allows the discrimination of products on the clothes, if two fabrics are made from the same material.

抄録全体を表示

The sterilizing effects of laundry detergent and oxygen and chlorine on fungal spores were examined. did not appreciably kill spores of common fungi such as Penicillium and Cladosporium species in water at 25°C, but, increase in water temperature accelerated the sterilizing effect of . Hot water, higher than 30°C, with was effective for killing fungal spores.
is more effective than detergent for washing cloth samples contaminated with the species of Cladosporium used in 25°C water, although fungal spores are not effectively killed. Fungal mycelia are more sensitive to than their spores, so mycelia on fabric are bleached more easily than their spores.

抄録全体を表示

　The current study measured the available chlorine concentration in commercial and household chlorine bleaches (referred to here as "disinfectants") in the liquid and spray forms. The available chlorine concentration in commercial liquid disinfectants is regarded as 5%. However, the results indicated that the available chlorine concentration in commercial liquid disinfectants was 4.39-6.53%, thus the available chlorine concentration was lower than 5%. Household liquid disinfectants were purchased at different times. Liquid

that was purchased 1 month prior had an available chlorine concentration of 5% or higher, while liquid that was purchased 6 months prior had an available chlorine concentration of less than 5%. Liquid that was purchased more than 6 months prior had an available chlorine concentration of less than 5%. As time passed after the liquid was purchased, the lower its available chlorine concentration. Commercial spray had an available chlorine concentration of 2.02-3.08%.

　Based on these findings, liquid disinfectant for norovirus disinfection must be used within 1 month of purchase, and it must be kept in a cool place. The results also suggested that a spray disinfectant diluted to the same concentration as a liquid disinfectant is not appropriate for norovirus disinfection.

抄録全体を表示

The mechanism of bleaching reaction has not been established in detail as yet. In the present study, bleaching of silver plate was examined with the use of and -fix solution.
In the -fixing, the rate was held approximately constant over a period of processing, while, in the bleaching, it was progressively lowered with the time of process.
Consequently, it appears that bleaching reaction is inhibited by the formation of silver halide layer on the surface silver plate.
It is suggested that migration of electrons or silver ions through the layer account for the ratedetermining step in the process.
It can be estimated that since bleaching reaction itself proceeds rapidly, it is not relevant to overall processing speed, unless massive silver is formed in the development.

抄録全体を表示

Background. Chlorine-based bleaching agents are commonly used at home for laundry and cleaning tasks. The chlorine and synthetic substance produced by various factors in affect the mucous membrane of the eyes, pharynx, and respiratory tract. Case. We report a case of a 38-year-old man suspected of having interstitial pneumonia and referred to our department. He had been soaking tableware in undiluted chlorine-based while sleeping in an adjacent room. He had woken up with a sore throat and cough, and gradually developed dyspnea. Flexible bronchoscopy was performed for differential diagnosis. The mucosa was redness and swollen. Bronchoalveolar lavage showed that the neutrophil count had increased to 32.0%. Transbronchial lung biopsy showed focal alveolar epithelial damage. Considering all results, chemical pneumonitis due to chlorine-based was diagnosed. Oxygen and steroids were administered resulting in the remission of symptoms, and the patient was discharged. Conclusion. Misuse of chlorine-based can cause chemical pneumonitis and requires careful treatment.

抄録全体を表示

クロチョウガイには主に赤系と緑系の色 素が存在し、これらが複雑に関係すること により様々な色調を持つ真珠が産出される と考えられている（※１）。
この黒蝶真珠が持つ色素は変色や褪色し にくいと言われており、これまでその色調 を改変するような加工はあまり行われていなかった。
しかし近年、ショコラやピスタチオなど と呼ばれる色調を改変した黒蝶真珠が流通 するようになった（※２）。これらの色調は 主に真珠の表層に染料を浸漬して作られているようであるが、中には漂白により作られるものがあると言われている。
また最近の事例になるが、漂白により黄 緑がかった色調に改変した言われる黒蝶真 珠が持ち込まれた。この真珠を分析したが、 漂白により色調を改変したことを示す特徴 を確認することはできなかった。
今回、アコヤ真珠で一般に行われている 方法でクロチョウガイ貝殻と真珠の漂白を 行い、その色調及び特徴の変化について調べたので報告する。
※１ 「クロチョウガイ貝殻に見られる分 泌色素の変遷についての考察」 吹田ら 2007 年宝石学会
※２「真珠及び貝殻を加熱することによる 色調の変化についての考察」 渥美ら 2009 年宝石学会

抄録全体を表示

クロチョウガイには主に赤系と緑系の色 素が存在し、これらが複雑に関係すること により様々な色調を持つ真珠が産出される と考えられている（※１）。

この黒蝶真珠が持つ色素は変色や褪色し にくいと言われており、これまでその色調 を改変するような加工はあまり行われていなかった。

しかし近年、ショコラやピスタチオなど と呼ばれる色調を改変した黒蝶真珠が流通 するようになった（※２）。これらの色調は 主に真珠の表層に染料を浸漬して作られているようであるが、中には漂白により作られるものがあると言われている。

また最近の事例になるが、漂白により黄 緑がかった色調に改変した言われる黒蝶真 珠が持ち込まれた。この真珠を分析したが、 漂白により色調を改変したことを示す特徴 を確認することはできなかった。

今回、アコヤ真珠で一般に行われている 方法でクロチョウガイ貝殻と真珠の漂白を 行い、その色調及び特徴の変化について調べたので報告する。

※１ 「クロチョウガイ貝殻に見られる分 泌色素の変遷についての考察」 吹田ら 2007 年宝石学会

※２「真珠及び貝殻を加熱することによる 色調の変化についての考察」 渥美ら 2009 年宝石学会

抄録全体を表示

The influence of human hair bleaching agents with different bleaching strength on the ultrastructure of human hair was studied using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer equipped with TEM (EDS-TEM). Two kinds of bleaching agents were used: a lightener agent with a weak bleaching effect and a powder- with a stronger bleaching effect.
From the comparison of the bleaching properties obtained by the electronic staining of black and white hair samples, it was suggested that the permeability of hair was increased by bleaching, and there was an increase of the stainability of hair subjected to electronic staining. The bleaching action provoked the decomposition of melanin granules and the flow out of granular contents into the intermacrofibrillar matrix. Some metal elements were detected in the melanin granular matrix by EDS-TEM. As a result, the diffusion of metal elements into the intermacrofibrillar matrix promoted further damage to the hair by catalytic action with the hydrogen peroxide in the bleaching agents outside the melanin granules. Further study will lead us to the edge of the development of a new bleaching agent, which reacts only with melanin granules and causes the minimum of damage to outside the melanin granules.

抄録全体を表示

Walking 前のリン酸処理が,コンポジットレジンの接着性に与える影響について検討を行った.被験歯としてウシ下顎前歯を使用した.歯頸部で分割し,髄室開拡後歯髄を除去した.切断面をグラスアイオノマーセメントで封鎖し,髄腔側の表層の象牙質を1層削除して処理面を作製した.この面を濃度の異なる3種類のリン酸水溶液(10, 20, 40%)で10秒間処理し漂白試料体とした.Walking の操作として,35%過酸化水素水と過ホウ酸ナトリウムを混和して漂白試料体の髄腔内に填入した後,水硬性仮封材で仮封した.各試料を37℃水中で5日間保管後,仮封材および漂白剤を除去し,水洗後,再度新しい漂白剤を填入し保管するという操作を3回繰り返し,計15日間漂白剤を填入した状態にした.15日経過後,髄腔内に綿球のみを挿入して仮封し,37℃水中でさらに5日間保管してWalking を終了した.その後,髄腔側象牙質へコンポジットレジンを接着させた.対照群として,リン酸処理後Walking を行わない試料の髄腔側象牙質にもコンポジットレジンを接着させた.接着処理の完了した試料体を37℃水中に24時間保管後,接着面積が1.0×1.0mmとなるダンベル型試料を作製し,小型卓上試験機を用いて微小引張接着強さを測定し,統計処理を行った(n=8).破断面は走査電子顕微鏡で観察した.髄腔側象牙質に対するコンポジットレジンの微小引張接着強さは,リン酸処理の有無,処理濃度,あるいはWalking の有無いずれの条件においても有意差は認められなかった.しかしWalking を行った場合には,処理濃度に関係なくすべての条件で多くの残留脱灰象牙質が認められた.以上より,リン酸処理後にWalking を行うことは,コンポジットレジンの接着性に悪影響を与えると考えられるため,コンポジットレジン修復の可否や歯面処理法などを慎重に判断する必要があることが示唆された.

抄録全体を表示

Since luancing the first compact powder detergent that had a dosage of 25 grams/30 liters, sales of these compact powders have taken over conventional powders and liquids. In the middle of 1990s have seen a further progress in compaction. At present ultra-compact detergents, having a dosage of 20 g/30 L and 15 g/30 L, have caputured a dominant market share.
   The spreading of compact and/or ultra-compact detergents has led to a change in consumption of surfactants. Although LAS is still a main ingredient for compact powders, alcohol ethoxylates and α-sulfo fatty acid esters have gained a stronger position in surfactant markets.
   Other recent developments and trends include detergents formulated with employing various types of activators, which meet hygiene requirements and bleaching performance. Also, in 2000, tablet detergents and sheet type detergent have also been introduced into the Japanese market.
   In the fabric softener market, concentrated products are gradually becoming dominant. Most of them are sold in eco-type packages, which make a significant contribution to save resources. As well, a readily biodegradable softening agent has been employed as a main ingredient in Japan.
   Another exciting major innovation has been seen in . Since 1990, the use of liquid oxygen has been increasing steadily. In 1996, the first liquid oxygen , formulated with a long alkyl chain activator satisfying both superb bleaching performance and activator stability, was launched. It has gained a strong position in the market.

抄録全体を表示

Noroviruses (NVs) are major causative pathogens of gastroenteritis. The disinfection of contaminated clothing during common household washing is desirable. The virucidal effects of 2 activators, sodium alkyl acyloxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) and alkyl acyloxybenzoic acid (OBC), were studied using Feline calicivirus (FCV) as a surrogate for NVs. FCV was added to solutions containing either OBS or OBC and sodium percarbonate at various temperatures and for varying lengths of time. OBS and OBC, which generate long carbon chain peroxy acids, enhanced the virucidal effect of sodium percarbonate (PC). In particular, sodium lauroyloxybenzene sulfonate (OBS-12) and decanoyloxybenzoic acid (OBC-10) showed superior virucidal effects. Although the virucidal effect of 38–200 mg/L OBS-12 was maintained with 2–5% (v/v) horse serum, there was less of an effect with the same concentration of available chlorine. OBS and OBC have been used as ingredients in some laundry products to increase bleaching activity. It is expected that the use of OBS and OBC is also effective for the inactivation of NVs under common household washing conditions.

抄録全体を表示

In the pulp and paper manufacturing process, numbers of material properties and end product qualities are changing steadily with time. Therefore it is considerably difficult to judge the variance of the production cost or the improved effect etc. through the operation data properly and fairly, because of their disturbances, when they are so tiny amount.
This paper describes a new method to evaluate the effect of the production cost and control effect etc. more accurately when a new control function was introduced or when process operation methods were changed for some purpose in the production processes.
Here, as an example, a case of a pulp bleaching process was taken up.
The proposed method is follows :
At first, find out the reliable multiple linear regression equation by using statistic analysis PLS (Partial Least Squares) regression method, for example, between the production cost as dependent variable and some primary explaining variables relates to the bleaching process. As it is well known, because the PLS analysis result is superior to the common regression analysis by MLR (Multiple Linear Regression) method in the stability and reliability. Sometimes, the regression coefficients calculated by MLR are tending to be inappropriate by the effects of over fitting or their collinearity.
Next, to get rid of the random variance and disturbance effects, correct and compensate the targeted “production cost” appropriately by “approximate linear correction method” so as to equalize the manufacturing conditions and incoming and outgoing material properties, utilizing the regression coefficients that were obtained by PLS regression model in advance.
As a result, it become possible to judge the control effect fairly and acceptably, even if the variance of the production cost is tiny change or the each explaining variable’s operating condition levels were changing intricately with each other.

抄録全体を表示

House dust mites (Dermatophagoides farinae) in bedding and clothes are a major allergen. However, house dust mites cannot be killed by general washing conditions under 50°C. Therefore, low-temperature washing conditions must be improved to eliminate house dust mites. Sodium alkyl acyloxybenzene sulfonate (OBS) is a activator that is used to intensify the bleaching effects of some laundry products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of OBS on the elimination of house dust mites in low-temperature washing conditions. D. farinae was soaked in solutions containing different types of OBS for various durations and at various temperatures. The miticidal effects of the various washing conditions were also evaluated for D. farinae. Then sodium lauroyloxybenzene sulfonate (OBS-12) produced the highest D. farinae mortality rate among the OBS solutions that were examined and had a stronger miticidal effect than available chlorine under general washing conditions. OBS exhibited miticidal effects under general washing conditions at low temperatures. Since OBS is already used as an additive in some laundry products to increase the bleaching activity, OBS can be easily used to kill house dust mites under general washing conditions.

抄録全体を表示

Keratin film prepared from human hair samples can be considered a model which represents an average human hair. In this study, the investigations were focused on whether the keratin film can withstand physical and chemical stimulations such as ultraviolet (UV),

bleach

, perm, and thermal treatments or not. Obtained data indicated that keratin film responded to such hair damage factors in the similar manner as hair, and responses of keratin film were significantly higher than those of hair. Keratin film can be used as a substitute device for human hair, to accurately evaluate hair damage for the development of hair care related products.

抄録全体を表示

Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) in dried fruit products were examined for detectability using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Endogenous genes with low copy numbers in Carica papaya L. (papaya), Solanum lycopersicum L. (tomato) and Malus domestica (apple) genomic DNAs, i.e., Chymopapain, LAT52 and Apo 5, respectively, were targeted for detection in dried fruit products that were processed with and without food additive sulfites as a bleaching agent, preservative or antioxidant. A total of 13/14 dried papaya, 8/8 dried tomato and 3/3 dried apple products that were processed with sulfites were not detected under a Cq value of 40 in a duplicate real-time PCR test. Despite their undetectability, endogenous 18S rDNA with high copy numbers in the genomic DNA of these fruits was detected at approximately the same amplicon size as the endogenous genes with low copy numbers. Furthermore, BAN, a single-copy endogenous gene found in all dried Musa acuminata (banana) products, was detected using a 50 ng DNA template at a Cq value of 22.33–35.80 regardless of whether the fruit was processed with or without sulfites. Although the dried fruit products that were processed with sulfites may contain DNAs, the yields of extracted and purified DNAs were reduced to the degree that not all endogenous genes could be detected reliably using real-time PCR. This may affect the reliability of real-time PCR testing for detecting specific ingredients in dried fruit products, such as genetically modified fruit and food allergens.

抄録全体を表示

The quality of wastewater from Japanese pulp and paper mills has been recently improved, due to regulation of effluent standards which has been stricter since the Water Pollution Control Law was enforced in 1972. However, it has not attained yet in some mills that the level of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) of the wastewater becomes below the environmental standard. Accumulation of refractory organic matter has been pointed out as a new problem especially for a part of the closed water area in spite of regulation of total emission. Japan Pulp and Paper Research Institute is researching this problem.
As the first step of this theme, the characterization of the refractory organic matter was studied. Dissolved organic matter in wastewater was fractionated into five fractions ; hydrophobic acid, hydrophobic neutral, base, hydrophilic acid, hydrophilic neutral. Based on measurements of the degradation rates of the fractionated compo-nents, it was confirmed that the most refractory matter was fractionated into the hydrophobic acid.
Furthermore, we compared softwood and hardwood kraft pulp (KP) bleaching drainages. Softwood KP bleaching drainage was more resistant to decomposition than hardwood KP bleaching drainage, and contained the hydrophobic acid in a higher ratio. In addition, the hydrophobic acid in softwood in hardwood KP bleaching drainage.
In order to investigate the source of the hydrophobic acid, the each process drainage was fractionated as well. As a result, the maximum source of the hydrophobic acid was KP bleaching process. Pyrolysis GC-MS analysis of the hydrophobic acid of bleaching drainage indicated that lignin was a major composition of the refractory organic matter.

抄録全体を表示

The thermal environment of reef-building corals is critical to their distribution and survival. Recent evidence has revealed that the mean global temperature has increased by 1 degree Celsius over the past century. Examination of tropical sea temperatures reveal that they have also increased by almost 1°C over the past 100 years and are currently increasing at the rate of approximately 1-2°C per century. Japanese waters are no exception. Waters off Okinawa have increased by 1.4°C since 1930 and are currently increasing at the rate of 2.3°C per century (95% confidence interval, 1.4-3.1°C). Coral bleaching occurs when the thermal tolerance of corals and their zooxanthellae are exceeded, probably due to an increased sensitivity of the zooxanthellae to chronic photoinhibition. The consequences of bleaching can be devastating, with corals dying in vast numbers and such aspects as coral reproduction being severely curtailed. In 1998, the world's coral reefs experienced the worst bleaching on record. Japanese reefs were severely effected, with bleaching coinciding with a massive temperature anomaly in July-August 1998. Vast numbers of corals died. The intention of this paper is collect what we know about coral bleaching from biochemical, physiological and ecological perspectives and to discuss to how reefs (especially around Okinawa) might change in the next century. A single important issue surfaces in these deliberations. If temperatures continue to increase, then corals will experience greater incidences of bleaching and mortality unless they can acclimate physiologically or adapt genetically. The conclusions that stem from this issue are of great concern. Firstly, available evidence suggests that corals are not acclimating physiologically to any really extent to the sporadic and seasonal changes in sea temperature. Secondly, the rate of change in sea temperature arguably exceeds the capacity of coral populations to genetically adapt fast enough. The third conclusion is the most worrying. If corals are not changing fast enough, then coral reefs will experience more frequent and more intense bleaching. Given the outcome for many coral reefs across the planet during the 1998 episodes of bleaching, this has to be of great concern to coral reef users and managers everywhere.

抄録全体を表示