The seasonal variations of skin temperature, skin pH, evaporative water loss (EWL) and skin surface lipid values were determined in the forearm skin of 24 healthy Japanese adults at four different periods over one year. The results provide new information on the changing systemic patterns of the four skin parameters. It was found that EWL, total lipid and squalene values in July were approximately 2-3 times those in January. On the other hand, the skin pH was significantly lower in July than in January, April or October. However, the extents of change of skin pH and cholesterol values were less than those of EWL, squalene and total lipid values on the basis of statistical analysis. Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between skin temperature and EWL, total lipid and squalene values. On the other hand, significant inverse correlations were found between skin pH and skin temperature and EWL values. On the basis of these results, the dependence of sebaceous lipids on skin temperature and the contribution of eccrine sweating to the skin pH are discussed.

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The changing patterns of in vivo human skin barrier functions after irradiation with a single middle-wavelength ultraviolet light (UV-B) were determined with respect to transepidermal water loss (TWL) and skin surface lipid values. Quantitative results were obtained as follows. 1) A significant increase of the TWL value was found 1 week after UV-B exposure at the site irradiated with twice the minimal erythemal dose (MED). 2) Cholesterol value in skin surface lipid was raised significantly 2 or 3 weeks after UV-B exposure at the 2 MED site. On the other hand, total lipid and squalene values showed no significant differences. 3) It was noteworthy that the TWL value recovered after 3 weeks to the initial control level at all UV-B energy doses. Similar tendencies were observed in the cases of total lipid, squalene and cholesterol values. 4) The increase of energy dose was parallel to the increase of the TWL value, i.e. lowering of the barrier efficacy of the stratum corneum.

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It has been reported that Tween 20, one of the nonionic surfactants, liberates tissue histamine (1-3), and that various surfactants are locally irritating at the conjunctival (4), intramuscular (5), percutaneous (6) and intracutaneous (7) sites of application. Therefore, the irritating effect is possible due partially to the histamine liberation. However, the increased capillary permeability by the intracutaneous injection of nonionic surfactants differed somewhat in mode of action from that caused by the same procedure of histamine (7-9). Especially, the increased capillary permeability by the procedure of polyoxyethylene monolauryl ether (a nonionic surfactant) is scarcely influenced by the repeated pretreatment of the animal with Tween 20 or by the previous administration of the antihistamine (10). These evidences led the present authors to conclude that the increased capillary permeability induced by the nonionic surfactants did not derive from the histamine liberation alone. The present study deals with the effects of the antihistamine, inorganic salts, a fatty solvent and cholesterol feeding on the increased capillary permeability induced by the intracutaneous injection of the nonionic surfactants in the rabbits.

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Several investigators have used the extravasal leakage of the circulating dye as an indicator of the change in capillary permeability by measuring, for example, the mean diameter of the blueing (1-3), the visual grading of the blueing (4, 5) or size and intensity of the staining (6-12). Studying the effects of organic solvents on the capillary permeability, one of the present authors has indicated the need for the more exact and quantitative evaluation of the leaked dye (7) and attemped further the extraction of the tissue dye by butanol (13). The quantitative extraction of the dye has been developed by Beach and Steinetz (14), Judah and Willoughby (15) and Nitta et al. (16). However, the procedures except that introduced by Beach and Steinetz, were relatively complicated for use as a routine bioassay in the laboratory. The present report is a device to obtain the more simple method available in the laboratory by modifying the previous method.

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We measured the amount of formaldehyde (FA) in containing FA-donor preservatives [imidazolidinyl urea (IU), dimethyloldimethyl hydantoin (DM), diazolidinyl urea (DU), quaternium-15 (QU), and bronopol (BP)] and explored the factors affecting FA release. FA was detected in all the 89 cosmetic products tested. FA concentrations of declared to contain DM and DU were significantly higher than those of declared to contain IU and BP. Detected FA concentration of samples produced in the U.S.A. was significantly higher than that of samples produced in European countries. A weak proportional relationship was observed between the pH value and the released FA concentration of the cosmetic products containing DM and DU. There were no significant differences in the FA concentrations of various categories of (lotion, gel, conditioner, shampoo, body wash, and others). containing a blend of amines, amides, or hydrolyzed proteins together with FA-donor preservatives had a lower FA concentration than the others.

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are regulated by the pharmaceutical affairs law in our country. In this review, we describe the definition of from the standpoint of that law, and also mention the following matters from the view-point of hygienics. 1) Efficacy of : evaluation methods by means of dermatological approach, and the problems for further discussion. 2) Safety of : test methods, and information in the literature. 3) Microbiology for : test methods, and preventive measures for microbiological contamination. 4) Percutaneous absorption for : outline, and observations. 5) Analytical chemistry for : analytical instruments, and their applications.

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A simple and rapid analytical method of oil-soluble coal tar dyes in was established using reversed-phase TLC/scanning densitometry. Eleven kinds of oil-soluble coal tar dyes were able to be separated completely on reversed-phase TLC plates by the complementary use of 2 solvent systems. The solvent systems were A; n-hexane/2-butanone solution (5 : 1, v/v), solvent system B; acetonitrile/methanol solution (5 : 1, v/v). Then we measured visible absorption spectra of spots developed on the reversed-phase TLC plates by scanning densitometer to identify these coal tar dyes. The proposed method was successfully applied to the identification of oil-soluble coal tar dyes in commercial .

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The effects of some essential vehicles in or topical preparations for transepidermal water loss (TWL) and skin surface lipids were investigated on human skin in relation to their physicochemical properties. The test vehicles were isopropyl myristate (IPM), liquid paraffin 70cs (LPC70) and glycerol. The results revealed newer biopharmaceutical aspects concerning the mode of vehicles against skin surface as follows. 1) The degree of occlusive effect for TWL in the closed experimental system was graded in the following order : glycerol>LPC70>IPM. 2) The removal effect for sebaceous squalene and epidermal cholesterol was found to be in the following order : IPM>LPC70>glycerol. 3) The occlusive effect of vehicles on TWL was suggested to be inversely related to the removal effect of vehicles for skin surface lipids. 4) Vehicle viscosity seemed to be one of the physicochemical regulating factors for occlusive nature of vehicles against TWL. 5) The in vitro water loss test seemed to be meaningful for a better understanding of the vehicle effect on TWL. 6) The importance of the removal effect on epidermal cholesterol that reflected TWL increase was suggested in the evaluation of vehicles against human skin surface barrier properties.

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We investigated the release of formaldehyde (FA) upon the decomposition of 2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol (Bronopol: BP), an FA-releasing substance widely used as an antimicrobial preservative in and toiletries in many Western countries. The decomposition process producing FA mainly depends on temperature and pH. Notably, the pH of the BP-diluted buffer solution was the factor most influencing the release of FA. The release was markedly in higher alkaline buffer compared with acidic buffer. When a BP solution [0.1% (w/v)] prepared with a weakly alkaline buffer (pH 8.0) was stored at 25°C, the concentration of FA reached 30 ppm after 24 hr. On the other hand, under acidic conditions (pH 2.0), little FA was produced over 50 days. Homemade (lotions and jells) were made [with 0.1% (w/v) BP] and stored at a constant temperature of 25°C for 30 days. The concentration of FA increased with time, reaching 20 ppm after 50 days. We investigated seasonal variation in the release of FA upon decomposition of BP in Osaka. BP test solution [0.1% (w/v)] was prepared with 0.005M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) and stored at ambient temperature for 30 days. The experiment was conducted three times in different seasons (mid winter, early spring, and early summer). It was found that the release of FA with decomposition of BP differed among the seasons.

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are defined as “articles with mild action on the human body, which are intended to be applied to the human body through rubbing, sprinkling or other methods, aiming to clean, beautify and increase the attractiveness, alter the appearance or to keep the skin or hair in good condition (The Pharmaceutical Affairs Law: Article 2).” Consequently, they include personal hygiene products such as shampoos, soaps and toothpaste. In Europe, 1% of the population is estimated to be allergic to fragrances and 2–3% to ingredients of ; 10% of outpatients patch-tested for allergy were found to be positive. Allergenic ingredients of can be fragrances, hair dye, preservatives, antioxidants, emollients, surfactants, UV absorbers, pigments or resins used in nail . Among standard allergen series, eight substances are related to ; in Japan in 2003, p-phenylenediamine (hair dyes) induced allergic reactions with the highest rate of 7.9% in outpatients patch-tested (n=805), followed by fragrance mix No. 1 (4.0%, mixture of eight fragrances frequently used), colophony (3.2%, main contents of pine resin), lanolin alcohol (2.7%,emollients), and formaldehyde, parabens, Kathon CG (2.7% ,1.9% and 1.0%, respectively; preservatives). Cosmetic allergy symptoms tend to be mild except those caused by hair dye. However, the population exposed to is huge and the number of ingredients used in increased up to more than 6000. Here, major cosmetic ingredient allergens, mainly reported in Japan, are reviewed and discussed.

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The preservatives added to

and quasi-medicines inhibit the growth and bacteriostasis of microorganisms. However, since they also have effects on cells, their safety and effects on the human body are of marked concern. In this study, therefore, the relationship between the preservative efficacy and cytotoxicity of preservatives was basically investigated from the viewpoint of cosmetic safety management. Two common preservatives, whose skin stimulation or contact dermatitis tests have been reported, were used. Especially, the inhibition of bacteria growth and bacteriostasis of the very common methyl para-hydroxybenzoate were examined in comparison with phenoxyethanol. The preservative efficacy tests showed a decrease in the survival rate of microorganisms and a different tendency for each type of bacteria and preservative. In the case of concurrent use, a synergistic effect was observed. On the other hand, in cytotoxicity tests, the cell survival rate in the methyl para-hydroxybenzoate solution decreased gradually at first, and then markedly dropped with an increase in the concentration of the preservative, contrarily to the proportional decrease in the phenoxyethanol. In the case of concurrent use, the cell survival rate in the phenoxyethanol solution decreased slightly more than on single use, because of the effect of the initially added methyl para-hydroxybenzoate. In this study, it was found that quite different tendency existed in the relationship between the preservative efficacy and cytotoxicity of each preservative.

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The synthetic methods of mica corresponding to natural production situations are developed. The crystalsof synthetic mica produced by the melting method become large. Some types of synthetic mica (fluoro-phlogopite, Na tetrasilisic mica, etc) can be produced by the melting method. The greatest use of synthetic mica is , especially make-up . The high aspect ratio particle with transparent luster is obtained only from fluoro-phlogopite (KMg₃AlSi₃O₁₀F₂). Transparent luster hides a blotch or wrinkles, and it is shown like a bright natural skin.
In melting method, Na tetrasilisic mica (NaMg_2.5Si₄O₁₀F₂) that is swelling mica can be synthesized. Thecrystal of Na tetrasilisic mica is larger than that of natural clay. The gas barrier film that was coated with Na tetrasilisic mica and poly vinyl alcohol was devised for food packing. Na tetrasilisic mica synthesized by melting method has high aspect ratios. The film coated with Na tetrasilisic mica demonstrates a highbarrier nature.
Synthetic mica is used for various applications like pearl mica pigments, filler, paint, and nanocompositematerial besides this.

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Stickiness feel is important in Skin-care products. Although several studies have been made on quantification of stickiness feel of skin-care products by using peel force, the relation of both is still controversial. It has been recognized that stickiness distribution reflects stickiness feel. Therefore, as a first step we measured stickiness distribution of two products. The result shows a hypothesis that the ratio of stickiness in peripheral area to ones in center and middle area is related with stickiness (“betatsukanasa”) feel. It is necessary for further study to measure more products and be analyzed by statistical methods.

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A method for the quantitative determination of estradiol benzoate (EB) in by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. The EB was extracted from samples with methylene chloride, the extract was evaporated, and the residue was subjected to silica gel column chromatography. The column was washed with benzene to remove impurities, and EB was eluted with ethanol-benzene (1 : 9, v/v) and determined by HPLC on an octadecylsilylated silica column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-water, with UV detection (230 nm). Recoveries of EB obtained from a variety of cosmetic samples spiked at 0.001 and 0.002% levels were 91.8-99.8%, and the coefficients of variation were between 0.41-2.5%. When this method was applied to the analysis of EB in commercial samples, EB could be determined without interference.

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Since stickiness of skin can cause skin diseases, it is necessary to deal with this problem by using basic

. However, excessive use of basic can worsen adverse skin conditions. In addition, the optimal state of the skin after the use of basic has not yet been quantified. In this study, we measured and examined the response to adhesive force using an ultra-compact tactile sensor, and then compared the response to adhesive force of basic . As a result, we obtained a response proportional to the strength of the adhesive force. In addition, responses differed greatly depending on the type of basic and whether or not there was any residual liquid.

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1. Human hair treated with cold-waving lotions, hair bleaching lotions, synthetic organic hair dyes, or depilatories was hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid, and the hydrolyzed solution was submitted to amino acid autoanalyzer. Determined values of various amino acids were compared with the values of normal hair. A marked depletion of cystine and formation of cysteic acid were observed in the hair treated with cold-waving lotions, hair bleaching solutions, and synthetic organic hair dyes. Formation of cysteic acid was not observed in the hair treated with a depilatories but there was a marked decrease in cystine, with formation of a trace of methionine sulfoxide and methionine sulfone. 2. Amino acids formed by the decomposition of keratin when human hair is treated with cold-waving solutions or hair bleaching solutions were determined, both qualitatively and quantitatively, by amino acid autoanalyzer. Damaging effect of these solutions on the hair was proved by the dissolution of various amino acids.

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This article explores current trends and possible futures for a new market that to date has virtually no published research: that of gender-neutral . The subject nature is vast and encompasses gender differences from social and scientific perspectives, concepts of human beauty in occupational settings, private households, and public places; and the complex relationships among neurologic, psychology, anthropology, and fashion. The fundamental phenomenon is that while there are obviously still many gender disparities in everyday life all over the world, the gap is closing rapidly in many societies. After a brief review of the concept of gender, this paper will discuss gender conceptions across different generations, with a spotlight on Generation Z, followed by an overview of the global industry, the role that play in society including a historical overview, habits on skincare and makeup, trends in men’s , and physiological sex differences that affect . This paper will conclude that the beauty and fashion industry is slowly but inexorably shifting toward both gender-specific and gender-neutral niches, inviting males to pursue new perspectives on their appearance, identities, and roles in society.

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