In order to elucidate Cr behavior in soil and soil water it is necessary to clarify the factors controlling the Cr release from contaminated Cr-containing soil. The experiments on Cr release from the contaminated soils collected from factory ruins and the standard soils (mixing ratio=1:4(-1: -2 provided by the Geological Survey of Japan) which were added as K₂CrO₄ (1,000 mg kg^-1) were conducted. Chromium concentration in alkaline solution for the contaminated soils was high (i.e., 29.5 ∼ 33.9 mg kg^-1) but low (i.e. 11.2 ∼ 13.8 mg kg^-1) for -1:-2 mixed soil. After the experiments, Eh and pH of the solution for the -1:-2 mixed soil lies in Cr₂O₃ region in acidic to neutral region in Eh-pH diagram, while that for the contaminated soils along CrO₄^2-／Cr₂O₃ boundary in alkaline solution.
Eh and pH for the solution interacted with -1:-2 mixed soil and contaminated soils are plotted along Fe²⁺/Fe(OH)³ boundary and in Fe(OH)₃ region, respectively.
"FeO"(Fe²⁺) content and amorphous(allophane) and low crystalline phase (ferrihydrite) content in the -1:-2 mixed soil are higher than those of the contaminated soils. Therefore, it is considered that the lower Cr concentration in the solution reacted with the -1:-2 mixed soil is due to the more efficient reduction of Cr⁶⁺ to Cr³⁺ by "FeO" (Fe²⁺) in the soil samples and adsorption of Cr³⁺ by weathering product (mainly low crystalline iron oxyhydroxide and allophone ) in the soil than the contaminated soils.

抄録全体を表示

The Jet Stream Olfactometer (), a newly developed smell stimulus device, is designed to reduce odor contamination that can occur with T & T olfactometry. The detection and recognition thresholds measured by and T & T olfactometry using three odorants are highly correlated. We assessed the clinical usefulness of using five odorants commonly used in standard olfactory examinations in Japan. Subjects were 354 normal and 356 olfactory-disturbed patients. No significant difference in detection or recognition threshold was seen between and T & T olfactometry for either group, indicating that the is effective in olfactory threshold testing and provides an alternative to T & T olfactometry.

抄録全体を表示

The Committee of Investigation of Olfactory Function Tests of Japan Rhinology Society developed a new standardized acuity test using a jet stream olfactometer (). In this paper, its clinical usefulness was described. About 300 subjects participated in three experiments. The averages of detection and recognition threshold of in normal subjects were 0.555±1.34 and 2.066±1.06. Those values were similar to that of a previous method. The recognition threshold of phenylethyl alcohol were elevated compared with those of methyl cyclopentanelone and isovaleric acid significantly. Evaluation of and T & T olfactometry showed significant correlation in threshold results for both olfactometries in patients with some olfactory disturbance. These results indicated that a can be used for a screening test of dysosmia in clinical setting.

抄録全体を表示

近年、元素の化学形態別の分析に注目が注がれ、手法や標準物質の開発への需要が高まっているが、固体中の微量元素の構造情報を直接測定できる手法は限られており、作成された標準物質中の元素の化学形態の保証も明示されているとは言い難い。固体中の元素の化学形態情報を高感度で得られる蛍光XAFSを用いて、6価のクロムを添加したと報告されている地質調査所発行の汚染土壌標準試料-2中のクロムの価数を直接測定したところ、6価のクロムは存在せず、全てが3価のクロムとして存在していた。また、各種の地質、環境標準試料に6価のクロムを添加した試料について含有水分を調整して放置し、試料中のクロムの価数を測定したところ、条件によっては3価への還元が速やかに起こっていることが示された。また、XAFS測定自体による影響も観察され、有力な手法でありながら定量的な測定には測定条件の検討が必須であることが明らかとなった。

抄録全体を表示

Geochemical reference samples, a natural zeolite, synthetic zeolites, vermiculite, and bentonite were tested for their adsorption and desorption characteristics of cesium. Large amounts of cesium were adsorbed on bentonite and natural zeolite because of their pore sizes or lamellar structures and their large numbers of exchangeable cations. In the geochemical reference samples, the adsorption behavior of cesium was affected by the exchangeable cation content and the soil corrosion product content. The desorption ratios of cesium from the minerals were influenced by the amounts of cations in the solution. The desorption ratios of cesium from the natural and synthetic zeolites were 5.4% and 70% to 75%, respectively, with 0.1 mol/L of hydrochloric acid. The amounts of aluminum ions eluted from the synthetic zeolites due to structure collapse was approximately 30-fold higher than that from the natural zeolite. Cesium adsorption ratios onto the minerals and the desorption ratios from the minerals decreased as the calcination temperature increased. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the mineral surface was melted by heating. The desorption of cesium ions was inhibited by cement hardening treatment of the minerals because the cement hydrates that coated the mineral particle surfaces could adsorb cesium.

抄録全体を表示

 EWECS (Engineering Wood Encased Concrete-Steel) composite structural system consists of concrete, steel and glued laminated timber. In experimental studies on EWECS columns and EWECS beam-column joints, it was confirmed that the EWECS structural system showed good and stable hysteresis characteristics. However, the structural performance of the EWECS column-beam joints with slab have not been examined in these studies. In this study, static loading tests and three-dimensional (3D) FEM analyses for EWECS column-steel beam interior joints with slab were conducted to investigate the structural performance. Outlines and results of the tests and analyses are described in this paper.
 Four EWECS column-steel beam interior joints with slab which were one-half scale were tested. The variable investigated were the thicknesses of steel web in joint panel, and the cross-sectional shape of the column steel. Specimens BF and BFO which were designed to be a flexural yielding of steel web had a thick web. On the other hand, Specimens JS and , which were designed to be a shear failure of the joint panel, had a thin web in the joint panel. In addition, Specimens BF and JS had an H-shaped steel of column, and Specimens BFO and had a cross-shaped steel of column and transverse steel beam.
 The shear failure of joint panel occurred in Specimen JS. The flexural failure of the beam occurred in Specimens BF, BFO and . The maximum capacities of the Specimens BF, BFO and which had flexural failure of the beam were almost the same. That of Specimen JS which had a panel shear failure was lower than that of specimens which had a flexural failure of the beams. It was confirmed that shear forces of all specimens after maximum capacities decreased slowly regardless of failure modes. The flexural strength of the steel beams with slab calculated by the superposed strength theory and the shear strength of the joint panel calculated by the proposal in Ref. 6) agree with test result for all specimens. However, the failure mode by the ultimate strength evaluation for Specimen which had a cross-shaped steel of column did not agree with that of the experimental result. Furthermore, the evaluation methods of panel shear strength did not take into account the effect of the slab.
 Analytical results of shear versus drift angle relationships and stress transitions of the steel web in the joint panel showed good agreements with experimental results in all specimens. It was indicated from the analytical results that the high compressive stresses were occurred of concrete in the joint panel regardless of the confinement effect from steel due to the compressive force transmitted from the slab concrete. Moreover, the shear forces of the beams on both sides and the lower column decreased drastically at the steel flange in the joint panel. On the other hand, that of the upper column decreased drastically from the upper end of the slab to the upper flange of the beam. Therefore, the effective depth and height of the joint panel were assumed to be the distance between the centroids of the steel flanges in the column, and that between the centroids from the slab to the lower flange in the beam, respectively. The effective width was assumed by the method in Ref. 8) considering the effect of the slab width subjected to compression. The panel shear strength modified AIJ standard for SRC structures based on the analysis results can evaluate the maximum capacity of EWECS column-beam joint with slab which had an H-shaped steel of column.

抄録全体を表示

微量元素の存在形態が明らかな土壌標準試料の作製方法を研究した。まず,微量元素を含む31種の試薬類(主として酸化物)と長石粉末を混合·粉砕して微細化し,これをつくば市の関東ローム層から採取した源土壌(黒ボク土)に添加し,大型ボールミルで粉砕·混合した。ふるい分け,均質化操作を行った後,約80g入りの試料1400本を調製した。各元素の添加量は,平均的土壌中元素濃度の10～100倍を目安とし,約1000μg/g(As,Co,Cr,Cu,Mo,Ni,Pb,V,W,Y,Zn,Zr),100μg/g(B,Be,Bi,Br,Cd,Sb,Sn,Ta),10μg/g(Ag,Hg,I,In,Se,Te,Tl),1μg/g(Au,Pd,Pt,Rh)とした。試料の均質性を検討するため,分割番号の異なる10本の試料を抜き取り,その0.1gを前処理して主成分(Fe,Mn,Mg,Ca,Na,K)と微量成分(Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,V,Zn)を定量した結果,相対標準偏差は最大2.08%で不均質は存在しないと考えられた。調製した標準試料について鉱物組成を明らかにするとともに,異なる研究機関で協同分析を実施し,主·微量成分含有量の推薦値又は参考値を提示した。

抄録全体を表示

We have shown previously that jacaric acid (JA; 8c,10t,12c-18:3), which has a conjugated triene system, has a strong anti-tumor effect. However, the characteristics of absorption and metabolism of JA have yet to be determined in vivo, and the details of absorption and metabolism of JA in the small intestine are particularly unclear. This information is required for effective use of JA in humans. Therefore, in this study we examined absorption and metabolism of JA using cannulation of the thoracic duct in rats. Emulsions of two test oils, jacaranda seed oil and tung oil, which contain JA and α-eleostearic acid (α-ESA; 9c,11t,13t-18:3), respectively, were administered to rats and lymph from the thoracic duct was collected over 24 h. We examined the rate of absorption of JA and possible conversion to a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)containing a conjugated diene system. The positional isomerism of the CLA produced by JA metabolism was determined using gas chromatography-electron impact/mass spectrometry. The rate of absorption and percentage conversion of JA were compared with those of α-ESA. We found that JA is rapidly absorbed and converted to a CLA in rats and that the percentage conversion of JA was lower than that of α-ESA. This is the first report on the absorption and metabolism of JA and this information may be important for application of JA as a functional food.

抄録全体を表示

タングステン酸ジルコニウム（ZrW₂O₈）は通常の材料とは異なる負の熱膨張性を有しており，その体積収縮と結晶構造内のWO₄四面体の配向状態には密接な関連があるとされている．本稿では，暗視野透過型電子顕微鏡法（TEM）および走査透過型電子顕微鏡法（STEM）を用いたWO₄四面体の配向分布可視化について紹介する．秩序化したWO₄四面体の〈111〉配向が180度反転している領域および〈111〉配向が無秩序化した領域の形成が明らかとなり，本材料の微構造ならびに添加元素効果が解明された．

抄録全体を表示

我々は Community Bureau of Reference (BCR)によって確立された逐次溶解法を， 8 つの日本の地球化学標準物質へ適用することを試みた． この方法は， step 1 で交換態・炭酸塩態， step 2 で鉄水酸化物態・マンガン酸化物態， step 3 で金属硫化物態・有機物態をそれぞれ分解抽出する事を目的としている．本研究では，未処理の試料と各stepで抽出作業を行った後の残渣試料に対してX線回折（XRD）パターンを調べることで，抽出目的相が適切に分解されているかを確認することを目的とした． JSd-1 とJSd-3 に対してBCR法を適用した際， XRDパターンには有意な変化は認められなかった． この結果は，これらの物質に含まれる元素の多くがBCR 法によってほとんど抽出されなかった事実と調和的である． これに対し， JSd-4， JMs-1， JMs-2 に含まれる方解石由来のピークは step 1 適用後にXRDパターンから全て消滅した． この結果は， step 1の目的相が十分に分解されたことを示す． JLk-1 や JMs-2 では，高 い濃度の鉄とマンガンが step 2 で抽出される． しかし， 鉄水酸化物態・マンガン酸化物は明瞭なピークをXRDパターンに示さないため， これらの物質が step 2 で十分に分解されたかどうかを明らかにすることは困難であった． 一方， JMs-1 中のパイライトのピークが step 3 抽出後に消滅した事から，硫化物がこの過程で適切に分解される事が明らかとなった． また， -1 において， step 3 抽出後に石英や斜長石のピーク強度（X線回折強度）が大きく増加することが認められた． step 3 以前では有機物が鉱物表面を厚く覆っているために， 鉱物からのX線回折強度を下げていたためと推測された． 従って，間接的な証拠であるものの， step 3 抽出手順において有機物が適切に分解除去されたと言える． これらの結果より， BCR法によって地球化学標準物質から目的物質を適切に分離抽出することが可能であることが確認された．

抄録全体を表示

We have identified and quantified Zn species in the Japanese geochemical reference materials (JLk-1,

-1, JSd-1-4, and JMs-1-2) by combining the sequential extraction procedure developed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. XANES spectroscopy revealed that: 1) target phases predicted by the BCR protocol, such as Zn-bearing Fe hydroxides and organic matter, are less abundant in the reference materials; and 2) Zn adsorbed to the phyllosilicates and the weathered surfaces of mafic minerals was selectively extracted by the BCR protocol. The weathering products of sphalerite, authigenic ZnS precipitate, Zn-bearing Fe hydroxides were identified in stream sediments influenced by mining activity and contaminated sediments. Phyllosilicates were the dominant phases of Zn extracted by the BCR protocol, even in these materials. The Zn²⁺ ion is hydrolytically-stable and easily dissolves in water. The speciation study revealed that Zn in nature would be selectively adsorbed by phyllosilicates, because their surfaces are charged negatively around neutral pH, and strongly bind Zn. The BCR extraction protocol does not provide the predicted results for Zn speciation, but is still helpful to the stability assessment, because Zn extracted at early-stages of extraction is interpreted to be a labile fraction that is easily-released to the environment.

抄録全体を表示

  Bryophyte cultured cells of 13 lines subcultured for different periods were investigated with regard to their growth characteristics, chlorophyll content and morphogenetic potential. The fastest growth (doubling time of 3 days) was observed in two cell lines of the Marchantia A18 (subculture periods of 19 years) and Ricciocarpus Rn (subculture periods of 15 months). The requirement of inorganic nitrogen sources for cell growth differed among the different species used. High chlorophyll content per dry weight was obtained in Atrichum AuP (22.8μg/mg), Plagiochila Plo (21.3μg/mg) and Jungermannia

(21.1μg/mg) cell lines. Morphogenetic potential was confirmed in four cell lines of Pellia PeD and Pn, Marchantia MpK and Polytrichum Poc. The other cell lines had lost that potential. A loss of morphogenetic potential in bryophyte cultured cells was related closely to chromosome aberrations and long-term subculture with the exception of Atrichum AuP.

抄録全体を表示

産総研地球化学標準試料JA-1（安山岩）は国内最初の安山岩標準試料として広く用いられてきたが、在庫が乏しくなってきたため、JA-1の源岩を採取したのと同じ神奈川県真鶴町の切羽で新たに試料採取を行い（約250kg）、再調製試料JA-1aを作製した。主成分の化学組成は、ほぼJA-1と同じであったが、Alが若干高く、Siが若干低い値になった。また、JA-1a及び以前に作製した-1（土壌）について、認証値設定のための共同分析を行った。-1は水分の変動があり得るため、その補正法を検討したが、今回は未乾燥試料で各成分の分析を行ってもらい、同時に測定した水分（H2O-）の値で補正を行った。SiO2は重量法、FeOは滴定法で共同分析を行ったが、比較的良好な結果が得られ、主成分11成分について仮認証値を設定した。

抄録全体を表示

岩石や鉱物などの地質学試料中には，様々な有機物が含まれており，水素（H），炭素（C），窒素（N），酸素（O）などの元素が存在している．土壌中の有機物は植物や微生物由来であると考えられているが，これらの試料中の有機物の存在を仮定し，定量分析することは，試料がどのような環境で形成されたか試料の由来を知るうえで重要な手がかりとなる．しかしながら，エネルギー分散型蛍光X線分析装置ではこれらの軽元素を測ることが難しい．本研究では，試料中有機物の化合物組成を調べることのできるラマン分光法と組み合わせて，試料を破壊することなくFundamental Parameter Method（FPM）できる分析手法を検討した．ラマン分光法で調べたH，C，N，Oの情報をFPMの計算過程に入れることで，試料のマトリックスに有機物が含まれていても高精度で定量分析できることがわかった．

抄録全体を表示

有機物や二価鉄などによる、土壌中の汚染六価クロムの還元反応は、環境化学的に重要な反応である。しかし、これまでの研究では六価クロムの還元反応速度が対象であり、反応後のクロムの化学形態についてが着目されてなかった。これは三価クロムが毒性が低い難溶性の塩になることが原因であろう。しかし、六価クロムが時間とともに還元反応によって消え失せてしまうということは、過去の汚染の記録が失われることを意味する。そこで、本研究は、状態分析(形態別分析違法)を用いて、汚染物質として放出された六価クロムから還元されて出来た三価クロムと、天然界に元々存在する三価クロムを区別することを目指す。状態分析法としては、化学的手法として逐次溶解法を、物理的手法としてX線吸収微細構造解析(XAFS)法を用いる。反応系としては、土壌有機物のフミン酸と六価クロムの還元反応に着目し、その還元反応素過程の解明も同時に目指す。

抄録全体を表示

土壌中の有機物や2価鉄などによって、有害な6価クロムが無害な3価クロムへ還元される反応は、環境化学的に重要である。演者らは、人工汚染土壌標準試料である-2(現在配布停止)中の6価クロムが、作成後5年以内に全て3価に還元されたことに着目し(Tsuno et al., 2006)、土壌中での有害元素の反応機構の解明に取り組んでいる。平成18年度の地球化学会年会（太田・津野・鍵・福良・野村・今井）では、状態分析法を用いて汚染土壌中のクロムの化学形態特定を行い、6価クロムが還元され3価の水酸化クロムとして存在していることを報告した。今回は、X線吸収端微細構造(EXAFS)解析を用いて詳細な構造解析を行うことで、その反応過程について新たに知見を得たので報告する。

抄録全体を表示

The phase transition of Zr_1-xHf_xV₂O₇ (x=0-1) solid solutions substituted for Zr(IV) sites was investigated using X-ray diffraction, TMA and DSC methods. X-ray diffraction experiments revealed that all compositions of Zr_1-xHf_xV₂O₇ (x=0-1) were of a single phase having a cubic structure. Lattice parameters of Zr_1-xHf_xV₂O₇ (x=0-1) at room temperature decreased linearly with increasing Hf content, due to the smaller ionic radius of the Hf(IV) ion than that of the Zr(IV) ion. Abrupt positive thermal expansions in TMA were observed for all samples at two phase transition temperatures in the vicinity of T₁=350 K and T₂=375 K, and negative thermal expansions were seen above about 380 K. DSC measurements clearly showed that all of the Zr_1-xHf_xV₂O₇ (x=0-1) samples also underwent two successive phase transitions between 330 and 390 K. Two transition temperatures and phase transition enthalpies of Zr_1-xHf_xV₂O₇ (x=0-1) samples decreased with the increase of x content, reflecting the decrease of superlattice structure. The sum of transition entropy for successive two phase transitions increased with increasing the normalized relative intensity of the superlattice line at room temperature.

抄録全体を表示

People differ in how sensitive they are to justice or injustice, how easily they ruminate on injustice, and how strongly they feel justice-related emotions such as anger and guilt. This individual difference can be measured by the Justice Sensitivity Inventory (JSI; Schmitt et al., 2010), which is divided into four components: sensitivity to becoming a victim of injustice, sensitivity to observing injustice, sensitivity to passively benefiting from injustice, and sensitivity to actively committing injustice. Each sensitivity has a different effect on various aspects of human behavior (e.g., cooperation) as well as mental and physical health. JSI is available in German, English, Chinese, and many other languages, but not in Japanese. This study (n = 453) aimed to develop a Japanese version of JSI (JSI-J) and a short version of it, examining their reliability and validity. They were confirmed to be reliable and valid, except for some items. An effective usage of JSI-J and its short version will be discussed.

抄録全体を表示

In the previous paper, authors point out that turning motion of CPP (Controllable Pitch Propeller) ship during her stopping maneuver seems to be less stable than that of FPP (Fixed Pitch Propeller) ship. Stopping test are carried out for various J_<so> (=U_o/(n・P)) to investigate the characteristics of turning motion of CPP ship under calm condition and under windy condition. The test ship is 5, 884 G. T. with a single CPP and has a direct reversing device for her diesel engine as well. And following characteristics are pointed out. (1) In case of calm condition, turning motion of the test ship in CPP mode is not stable, she always turns her head to windward, but in FPP mode, she turns her head to starboard steadily. It seems that there are some difference of the hydrodynamic forces between CPP and FPP on stopping maneuver. And further model tests are desired to investigate these characteristics of CPP. (2) In case of windy condition, degree of turning motion in the CPP mode in beam wind is bigger than that in head wind and following wind and that increases in proportion to |J_<so>|. Stopping maneuver of a single CPP ship in harbor, it is therefore recommended, in order to reduce her turning motion, to proceed toward the wind with minimum ahead pitch and to apply a little higher reversing pitch directly without pitch zero operation.

抄録全体を表示

Full-scale stopping tests for various J_<so>(=U_o/(n・D)) are carried out in order to evaluate each stopping ability of two Training Ships, both with a Highly Skewed Propeller (HSP), and a Training Ship with a Conventional Propeller (CP). All of them are of 5,000〜5800 G.T. As a result, both two HSPs show comparatively less astern power than that of a CP in ahead-reverse condition. Stopping time and distance of each ship with a HSP are found longer than those of the ship with a CP. Additionally, in case of test ships, Side Reach and Final Directional Angle with HSP are a little bigger than those with CP, so that HSP seems to have slightly strong power generated to change her head rightward than CP. During stopping maneuver of a HSP ship, it, therefore, is recommended to apply a little higher reversing propeller revolution than the case of a CP ship.

抄録全体を表示