Under Article 144 of Japanese Broadcasting Law, when cable televisions make request for the extraterritorial retransmission of terrestrial broadcasting, terrestrial broadcasters must give consent except where the basic broadcasters have justifiable grounds for not giving it. In 2008, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, taking into consideration the present situations in which terrestrial broadcasters and cable televisions in rural areas are put, issued a guideline stating what could be “justifiable grounds”. However, a judgment rendered by the Tokyo High Court in 2017 cast doubt on the policy considerations behind the guideline, and some researchers argue that the guideline needs a revision. As Article 144 can be characterized as a provision regulating refusals to deal by terrestrial broadcasters, we decide to analyze the arguments based on the antitrust thinking. Antitrust law has provisions of unilateral refusal to deal and its experience will contribute to the possible revision of the guideline.

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In recent years, the Internet usage environment has been shifting from wired communications to wireless LANs. In order to connect to the Internet using a wireless LAN, it is necessary to connect to the access point. However, since wireless communication can be used by anyone who can receive its radio waves, there is a risk that the access point owner may allow unintentional connections unless measures are taken, such as setting user privileges using authentication functions such as passwords, etc. This paper focuses on the interpretation of “secret communication” and examines whether the current law can regulate such unauthorized access to a wireless LAN access point from a technical perspective.

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The Provider Liability Restriction Act, which demand providers to disclose sender information, has been in effect for 15 years since 2002, and it has become clear that there has been an accumulation of court cases and legislative issues. This article aims to introduce the current issues.

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産業のデジタル化の原動力となっている「デジタル・プラットフォーム（DPF）を介して財と情報を交換するビジネス」を分析するためには，DPF上での「データ集積と流通」及び「協調的ネットワーク」に着目することが必要であることを明らかにした。その上で，産業構造の変化にともなう最近の立法政策や研究動向を鳥瞰するとともに，「Society5.0の時代における法とアーキテクチャのリ・デザイン」として提言されたガバナンスモデルの意義と問題点を検討した。 　以上の考察から，Society5.0の法と政策を検討するためには，ヒトゲノム計画に伴って登場したELSI（Ethical, Legal and Social Issues）研究の視点を参考にする必要があることを指摘し，DPFビジネス，その発展型であるスマートビジネスのコンポーネントを設計する際にも，新しい技術に対する社会の期待，ニーズ， 懸念等をあらかじめ可視化し，ELSI 的な問題を総合的に検討する仕組みを埋め込んでおくこと，社会が共有すべき価値を実現するためのルールとして，財・契約・責任・人に関するルールと，AIなどデジタル社会の基幹技術に関する倫理基準を予め定めてしておくことが重要であることを提言した。

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This article considers court decisions of the removal of search results after the Supreme Court Decision on Jan. 31, 2017 in Japan. Then, the article further examines doctrines and standards on the matter to realize a proper balance between freedom of expression and personal rights including privacy and honor concerning search engines.

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The law applicable to the contract should in general be the law selected by the parties’ will (Principle of Party Autonomy). However, the article 11 of Japanese Conflict-of-Law rule Tsūsoku-hō, Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, provides the special clause for the consumer protection, admitting the application of the law of the consumer’s habitual residence. On the other hand, to guarantee the foreseeability of the business operator, its paragraph 6 provides the exception of the “active consumer”: Consumers, who proceed to the business operator’s place to conclude the contract or to receive the entire performance of the contractual obligation, are not covered by this consumer protection clause. This exception is however excluded when the consumer is “solicited” to proceed to that place by the business operator. According to the traditional understanding, the internet ads are not deemed to the “solicitation” under this article, because the ads generally and widely target consumers, not the specified person or group. Today’s internet ads, though, with the development of the ad-technology, target more specified and identified person or group. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to analyse the question of whether the person-target ads can be interpreted as the “solicitation” under Article 11(6) of Tsūsoku-hō. The law applicable to the contract should in general be the law selected by the parties’ will (Principle of Party Autonomy). However, the article 11 of Japanese Conflict-of-Law rule Tsūsoku-hō, Act on General Rules for Application of Laws, provides the special clause for the consumer protection, admitting the application of the law of the consumer’s habitual residence. On the other hand, to guarantee the foreseeability of the business operator, its paragraph 6 provides the exception of the “active consumer”: Consumers, who proceed to the business operator’s place to conclude the contract or to receive the entire performance of the contractual obligation, are not covered by this consumer protection clause. This exception is however excluded when the consumer is “solicited” to proceed to that place by the business operator. According to the traditional understanding, the internet ads are not deemed to the “solicitation” under this article, because the ads generally and widely target consumers, not the specified person or group. Today’s internet ads, though, with the development of the ad-technology, target more specified and identified person or group. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to analyse the question of whether the person-target ads can be interpreted as the “solicitation” under Article 11(6) of Tsūsoku-hō.

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This study includes 1) Introduction 2) The analysis of a contract about privacy from the viewpoint of substantive law, 3) The analysis of a contract about privacy from the viewpoint of procedural law, 4) The future discussion point of a contract about privacy. In Vol. (7), the future discussion point of a contract about privacy is analyzed.

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The discussions made in the revision of the Act on the Protection of Personal Information in 2015 revealed the issues that could not be achieved with the amendment, and highlighted that a number of unresolved problems remain in current legislation. One of the issues that could not be achieved is that it was not realized despite being understood that it was necessary to include individual behavioral data recorded with device identifier as the subject of protection under the Act. And the unresolved problem with current legislation is, for example, that the interpretation of the sentence “can be easily matched with other information” in the definition of personal information has not been clarified. 　This series of papers attempts to propose a direction to solve the remaining issues for the next revision of the Act. Specifically, by focusing on the difference between “personal information” and “personal data”, by clarifying the difference in inter pretation between the sentence “can be easily matched with” and “can be matched with”, we aim to unify only the provision on “personal information file” in the private sector and the public sector.

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Personal information each Local Government possesses is regulated by the ordinance of the Local Government. However, some local governments have no rule for academic research, and this causes a problem in academic research based on the personal information.This paper introduces a case in which Karuizawa Local Government amended the ordinance for academic research.

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「査読あり」と誤設定したものを「査読なし」に訂正。

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