It is certain that the translation theories in the period of German Romanticism is one of the most important origins in discussing the modern European translation studies. In general, the literature translation of this period is considered to be based on the “foreignization” principles. However, if the translation theories and their application by J.G. Hamann, J.G.Herder, Fr.Schleiermacher, W. v. Humboldt , and the great writer Fr.Schiller are examined in detail, the translation theories of the time can be described more correctly and accurately. It is elucidated that they attempted to translate the natural process of language generation and that this very process of human beings was the central idea of the translation theories in the German Romanticism.

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This paper aims to investigate the concept of translation observed in J. G. Hamann’s works, paying special attention to one of his earlier works Aesthetica in Nuce. This makes possible to a better understanding of the significance of the concept of translation, which is inherited by J. G. Herder and Schleiermacher. In order to understand others, it is not enough to transfer them to your own language, but it is necessary to transfer yourself to other languages. In this sense, translation is comparable to the divine act of condescension (Herunterlassung) by God, which Hamann described in his interpretation of the Holy Bible.

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Herder was one of the significant literature critic and poet. He dealt with the translation theoretically as well as practically in Germany in 18th century. In my paper Herder’s translations are treated with three aspects. Firstly: the role of the translation in those days. Secondly: the translation as the movement to expand the own language. Thirdly: the translation as a creative reproduction. This period in Germany could be described as the century of the translation. The translators’ purpose was to generate an own literature in the mother language. Then German played an essential role. The translation as a result contributed to expanding of the own language. Herder in this context attached importance to development of the poetic language. For him the translation was not only a simply reproduction, rather a creative act to establish the classic German. Thus the translation was raised from a subordinate position to an independent activity.

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In this treatise, the question to be raised is why Schiller did not compose Die Zerstörung Trojas and Dido using hexameters such as that used in the Aeneid, but rather composed it in the form of German stanzas. In these works, he completely translated the second and fourth books of the Aeneid, while he abandoned the translation of Der Sturm auf dem Tyrrhener Meer after only about 100 lines. Therefore, a comparative analysis between these three works is carried out and the following is concluded: Schiller, in these stanzas, uses simple vocabulary and sentences and severe expressions, thereby making it acoustically easy for the audience to understand. On the other hand, in hexameters, he uses more difficult, unusual vocabulary, more complicated descriptions and longer sentences, which are comparatively difficult to understand. From the analysis, it is concluded that Schiller reworked on the Aeneid by composing in the form of German stanzas by following the style of the new, lively dramas. In this, Schiller intended to present the world of Virgil in German language on stages such as that in Weimar in a form suitable to the interests of that time.

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This paper is a brief account of one of the impacts the German linguist-translator Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835) has had upon French language philosophy. Henri Meschonnic (1924-2009) elaborates his theory by developping Humboldian conceptions. As his precursor, he sees the activity of language best incarnated in the rhythm, and emphasizes the rhythmic structure of biblical verses in his translation of the Old Testament; so that it often goes out of accord with the syntax. Translation here is expected to enable to hear what the text says, rather than comprehend what it means. These two translators, however, agree no longer in respect of what language to translate (into): Meschonnic insists every Occidental (i.e., Christian) language render the Hebraic Bible, while Humboldt barely take anything into consideration but his own and Classical Greek. The question will be to investigate the historical relationship of languages through the general application of this rhythmic translation.

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The aim of this study was to examine whether the Consecutive Interpreting Approach, designed exclusively for an LL/CALL system environment, is functional or not in normal classroom settings. After a 3-month implementation of medical interpreting training based on this approach, two types of questionnaires were given to 75 students to find out how they perceived this prosody-oriented learning procedure. Initially, a difficulty of preserving SL prosody during English shadowing was the biggest concern. However, this turned out to be a mere presumption after analyzing the data carefully. The results revealed that the ‘shadowing’ and ‘reproduction’, which are core elements of this approach, were positively received by the students, thereby signifying the approach to be applicable to the normal classroom environment. The findings also paved the way for further quantitative researches to confirm the effectiveness of this approach.

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This research attempts to explore the challenges for the practice of providing foreign residents with limited Japanese proficiency with multilingual information, focusing on the language selection process from two viewpoints: the number of foreign residents and human resources. There are three major issues regarding the language selection process: difference in data provided by the Immigration Bureau of Japan and local governments on the number of foreign residents, incompatibility of these data and the actual situation in each community, and finally, the 'public language principle' based on the foreign residents' nationality. As to human resources, it was pointed out that local governments lack the necessary funds, which results in the difficulty to secure the staff-resources for minor languages. As one of the challenges for future discussion, the process based on updating frequency of information can be considered.

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This essay examines how important and significant ‘translated dramas’ in Japan are, by contemplating the effectiveness which becomes apparent when certain English plays written by Samuel Beckett are translated and presented on the stage in the form of Japan’s traditional performing art. First, I will focus on similarities between the comic qualities of Beckett’s early drama and translated versions in Japanese Kyogen. The analysis focuses on discussion of ‘kata,’ a stylized pattern of acting in Kyogen theatre as well as elements of mimetic art. I will then investigate the mechanism of storytelling in Noh versions of Beckett’s later drama to understand ritualism in both English and Japanese versions. Finally, I will analyze how Beckett’s plays in the particular context of Noh theatre reveal their affinity to the metaphysical theory of the Zen spirit, the theory in which loss of egoism and aesthetics of silence are focused on. This theory in turn is a useful tool to understand the effect of ritualism in Beckett’s later drama, thus reinforcing the significance of Noh Theatre outside of the Japanese culture and in the global landscape of contemporary theatre.

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The purpose of this paper is to elucidate how and why the translator rewrote the original text using the strategies of euphemism, abbreviation and deletion, based on André Lefevere’s Rewriting theory in Chinese version of Kagi of Tanizaki Junichiro. In the Rewriting theory translator’s ideology and dominant poetics are considered to be the two factors that determine the translation. Translator’s ideology can sometimes be approved by translator himself or imposed by patronage. In the first Chinese version of Kagi in 2000, the translator uses these strategies in order to moderate the expressions for ‘sex’. The translator who worries about the publishing environment made a decision to use these strategies although there was no demand from the publisher. In conclusion, translator’s ideology played an important role in the translation process of Kagi.

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The aim of this paper is to review the role of media interpreters at ARTE (Association Relative a la Television Européenne) which is a European cultural channel founded by Germany and France that broadcasts all of its programs bilingually. The interest is on how media interpreters are employed to transmit the news programs bilingually across the two cultures. ARTE had media interpreters working at the core of its identity to realize bilingual broadcasting of news programs. Through the visit and interviews, the author found there are two factors central to the role of media interpreters at ARTE, namely (1) translation of culture and (2) use of voice. Through discussion of the so-called ARTE model of interpreting, it is revealed that the attention to translating the culture in a way that is intelligible to the audience. This paper concludes with the implications of those two factors on media interpreting in Japan.

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This paper systematically presents part of the precious research on interpreters’ roles both in Japan and abroad and attempts to link between social role theory in sociology and interpreters’ role theory in interpreting studies. Preceded by social role theory and the overview of interpreter’ roles in general, it is composed of nine parts: community interpreting in general, historical instances, health care interpreters’ roles, legal interpreters’ roles, interpreters’ roles in refugee hearings, diplomatic interpreters’ roles, methodology of analyzing interpreters’ roles, roles in Japanese context, and related areas.

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On-line machine translations are one of the most powerful tools available at the disposal of non-fluent language users. Machine translations provide good general descriptions, but are not necessarily accurate at detailed translations, especially for languages like English and Japanese, which have different grammatical structures. This pedagogical report introduces a six-step process where users revise their Japanese input, creating more accurate and understandable machine translations to English. Paying attention to the grammar and lexicon can significantly enhance the output, maximizing communication capabilities over a wider range of topics.

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This is a report on a preliminary study of error analysis of healthcare interpreting. A scenario for the simulated healthcare setting was created and ten Japanese subjects performed interpreting (Japanese-English). The error analysis was conducted using five error categories: omission, false fluency, substitution, editorialization, and addition. Result showed that omission was the most frequent error type among the subjects; the error frequency of the scenario message pertaining to QOL (Quality of Life) was higher than that of medical related one.

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