In intensive and specialized animal production, manure disposal is a major problem especially for nitrogen losses. The organic integration between animal production and crop production may solve the problem by using recycle of the nitrogen within the system. An environmental and economic model for integrated beef cattle feedlot and rice crop production systems was developed to simulate effects of feed quality, the number of animals and areas of rice field on nitrogen recycling rate and production costs. The nitrogen recycling rate was calculated as the ratio of available nitrogen in the rice crop field to total nitrogen in manure. In the model, by-product rice straw from rice crop field was used as feed for and bedding for animals and animal manure was used as an organic fertilizer for rice crop production. The simulation showed that almost all of nitrogen in manure from 3 animals was recycled within the system with the rice field area of 300 ares, but only 3 % of nitrogen from 48 animals was recycled with the same area. The integrated systems between beef feedlot and rice crop production economically favorite rather than specialized beef feedlot production. Although increasing in the number of animals generally led to decrease of production costs, the cost in feedlot with 3 animals was less than those with 6 and 12 animals at narrow rice field areas, when the ratio of rice straw in feed was 20 % or 25 %. This may be caused by complicated effects of the number of animals and areas of rice field on production costs for beef feedlot production. The results indicate that beef feedlot and rice crop integration can play a positive role to increase sustainability and is beneficial from an economic point of view.

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Recently, we can see many pages concerned with laws of Japan on WWW (World Wide Web), i.e., the Constitution of Japan, the Civil Law, the Criminal Law, the Patent Law and so on. However, since these pages were mainly referred to the bodies of these laws only, we couldn't understand the concept, the purpose, the structure and detail contents of the law completely or easily. Then, the new system that offered information of the law related to agriculture effectively to farmers, officers in agriculture extension and education division, students, researchers, makers of fertilizers and fertilizer inspectors in official analysis stations, etc. through the Internet was developed with the new function, so-called frame function, of browser of WWW. This function was developed and offered by Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator later version 3.0, respectively. The Fertilizer Control Law of Japan was selected as the object of this study. The Fertilizer Control Law of Japan was enacted in 1950 so as to keep the quality of fertilizers and to secure fair commercial transaction. The system was composed of 77 pieces of HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) text files and 66 pieces of GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) image files. These files were linked and they defined the structural relationship between a provision and another provision of the Fertilizer Control Law, a provision of this law and the government ordinance of this law, the government ordinance and ministerial ordinances of this law, ministerial ordinances and notifications of this law, respectively. By using the developed system, many users can confirm or understand the contents of the law easily on WWW. In addition, because the system is composed of plain text files described with HTML, the maintenance for correspondence to partial revision of the law can be facilitated by the system manager.

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A 'power law' describing a relationship between mean and variance made from count data was found by Taylor (1961), and developed by Hughes and Madden (1993) for studies of phytopathology. This power law was applied for the analysis of land use map, a new statistical method for analysing it was developed in this study. Suppose that N cells (e.g. 100 cells) with equal area were set on a map and each cell was divided into n smaller cells (e.g. 4 cells) with equal area. Then, record all land uses occurred in each smaller cell and estimate the occurrence per larger cell for each land use. When the occurrence,the actual variance per smaller cell and variance per smaller cell calculated under an assumption of random distribution were estimated for each land use, let the logarithmic values paired the assumed and actual variances be plotted on abscissa and ordinate, respectively. Then, we could find a fine linearity between these variables. This relationship is called as 'power law' and indicates the total tendency of geographical heterogeneity inherent in the region on the map. The deviation of each land use from the straight line indicates the geographical heterogeneity inherent in respective land use. An example in Ibaraki Prefecture was analysed using this method.

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The target area (Pothwar tract) is located in the northern part of Pakistan. The agriculture in the area is predominantly dependent upon rainfall. About 60% of the mean annual rainfall occurs during the summer season as high intensity storms. Soil erosion occurs during this season by storms. But it is not easy to estimate the quantity of soil erosion in the wide area. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has also been employed as a basis to observe the intensity of erosion using Landsat TM, rainfall data, topographic map land capability map. The results in this case could be improved by using more accurate data and through field ground survey. Soil loss estimation map was calcurated by 28.5m mesh size. As the result, heavily eroded area is occurred at bare soil and steep area. Low eroded area is mainly field and forest (1.6-1.9ton/ha/monsoon), high eroded area is bare soil (35.2ton/ha/monsoon). Erosion is occurred in monsoon season. Reffering some reports and analysis, estimated soil loss value is evaluated to equivalent. Further more, estimation map of gully area using from Landsat TM and river map is effective. It is given more accurate information about erosion condition that soil loss estimation map overlaid estimation map of gully area and. This method is useful for detection of land use change and environmental change.

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