Early detection of arteriosclerotic disease with subsequent initiation of medical therapy is expected to lead to reducing cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. It has been studied in Western countries whether the screening for asymptomatic peripheral artery disease with the ankle-brachial index (ABI) test, which is also a simple diagnostic method for arteriosclerotic diseases, can reduce cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events to identify the individuals who may benefit from early therapeutic intervention. While introducing such studies, the possibility of ABI screening in Japan was discussed. In order to carry out ABI screening successfully in Japan, it is necessary to collect insufficient data and clarify the evidence of the Japanese.