This study tried to generalize the transitional meaning and collect fundamental data of visual perception of trees by the differences of distances. The investigations were made by 251 persons who observed each of four alone trees (Magnolia kobus, two Cinnamomum camphora, Pinus thunbergii) in the open spaces of parks. The changing points of the trees were observed according to the relationship between the size of leaves and the visual sense, and between the size of trees and the visual sense. Due to the differece between the object trees and the distances, the differences of the five categories of senses can be identified within 200m-wide spaces, which are approximately 1) 200-60m, 2) 120-36m, 3) 36-12m, 4) 12-2m, and 5) 2-0m.

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In the view planning of the park, we must research both visitor's action and views for offering comfortable space to the visitor. In this report, we researched visitor's walking speed and conducted the evaluation experiments of views by using photographs, and analyzed the result of the evaluation experiments of views by the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process method. In the consequence of researching the correlation between the visitor's walking speed and the Fuzzy AHP method, high correlation was confirmed between the visitor's walking speed and the necessity measurement of the Fuzzy AHP method. In conclusion, necessity measurement that evaluate less faulty, appropriate for the view evaluation of the public institution like a park.

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This study assesses how street trees affect the evaluation of streetscape, the ideal proportion of views of street trees, and the methodology of the evaluation by focusing on the ratio of the height of trees to width of treets (hereafter called “tree-height to street-width ratio”) and quantatively analyzing the relationship.
At first, we experimented landacape evaluation by using S.D.method. In order to understand these relations, we used Factor analysis and Regression analysis. The following results were obtained:
1) Views of street trees are evaluated based on two criteria:“comfortable feeling” and “heavy feeling”.
2) The ideal proportion depends on the shapes of trees. Cone shape, sake cup shape, and oval shape are considered best when the tree-height to street-width ratio is 0.6.

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Because of the diversity of people's needs, the spatial articulation are important concept and means to make public space attractive. We have once analyzed the same issue but caused by spatial apparatus. But it is not the only spatial apparatus that make the spatial articulations. As well as those, human behavior can be the factor produce the spatial articulation. So on this article, we aimed to consider the spatial articulation caused by human behavior on public space. We did the survey of peoples behavior at Fountain square, Hibiya park. Using the general qualitative analysis method on the result of the survey, some features of spatial articulation are clarified. Then we apply the quantitative analysis method to verify those features of spatial articulation. As results, We could show the personal space of walking and sitting person as a numerical value and also show the interactions between walking persons and sitting ones. At last, we inspect the availability of the qualitative analysis method for this kind of study.

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Campsite is one of the most crowded site in mountainous recreation area. We examined the influence of tentsetting on visitors' crowding perception and uncomfortable factor at campsite in Daisetsuzan National Park. In 1995, 1996, we surveyed location oftents, unit area and interval of tents. Visitors' perception of other tents and other visitors, tolerable number of other tents and other visitors, crowding perception and uncomfortable factor were acquired by the questionnaire survey.
The results showed that increase of actual use level decreased unit area and interval of tents, and increased visitors' perceived use level, perceived crowding and number of uncomfortable factors. When actual use level exceeded tolerable use level reported by visitors, perceived crowding and number of uncomfortable factors were high significantly. The results demonstrate the usefulness of tolerable use level to establish carrying capacity for campsites.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify expression of seasons through a photo contest in the rural area, and to discuss sense of seasonal matters in the rural landscape. The contest takes place in Ashino district, Tochigi Prefecture. Elements of seasonal sense found from 404 photographs, was categorized by the spatial scale and the types of role composing the scene. As the result, it was clarified that the difference of season was recognized as not only the differences of each elements of seasonal sense but also the differences of the pattern in spatial scale and figure-ground relationship. Comparing the answer of seasonal matter by free recall method to the people who took these photographs and the elements of seasonal sense expressed in the photographs, the difference between the sense of season in their image and in the actual landscape was found. In the landscape planning and design for season of rural area, it should be considered that the pattern recognized as sense of season is important.

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The aim of this study is, 1) to make clear the features of landscape forming of the Hui-Zhou West Lake in Guang Dong and 2) to make clear influence from Hang-Zhou West Lake in landscape forming.
Two methods are applied in this paper. Firstly, based upon local investgations and surveying literature, the process of landscape forming is made clear. Secondly, based upon quantative visual analysis to clear the landscape composition, the characteristic is found through comparing the landscape composition of Hui-Zhou West Lake and Hang-Zhou West Lake.
In conclusion, the features of landscape forming of Hui-Zhou West Lake are 1) it is ifluenseced by landscape of Hang-Zhou West Lake, but it showed a unique formimg through combinning the topography. 2) The important formul is that make good points of view to see landscape through the long long time. 3) The forming methods appear in resemblace between Hui-Zhou West Lake and Hang-Zhou West Lake, and the “creating typical landscape” is main feature.

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This paper aims to clarify the evolution process of Lushan as the modern resort from Shanghai since 1885 to 1940. Based on many historical materials both in Shanghai and in Japan, the analysis is conducted, and the followings are found out; 1) Foreign residents in Shanghai concession, were tend to go for the summer, initially to Unzen and Karuizawa in Japan, then to such seaside and/or highland places in China as Pehtaiho, Lushan, Tsingtao, and Mekanshan, of which Rushan resort was the largest. 2) Lushan was first “discovered” as a good summer resort by a Russian marchant and an English missionary. The developing process hereafter can be devided into three stages; foun dation stage (1885-1905), growth and maturity stage by various foreign visitors (1905-1925), and finally transfiguration stage (1925-1940) as “China Summer Capital”. 3) Initial spatial pattern made by Angro-American development had been long maintained. 4) Western visitors spent summer by enjoying sports and sociability, while Chinese spent by enjoying their traditional poem-writing and scenary-appeciation.

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Based on post-structural thinking, the aim of the paper is to analyze both the productivity and the reading process of urban text according to Edo Meisho Zue. As for the former, analysis of the hill-edge type holly places, shows an infinite iterative patterns with plural number of variations. On the other hand, reading process proved to be capable of producing semantic values in the form of differed binary oppositional chains, which is precisely corresponding to Derridean concept of differed dissemination. Finally, the notions such as landscape on landscape' and landscape in landscape', have been proposed, with aim to advocate that these kinds of sets of disseminated texts, instead of being reduced to a single spatial structure', are suitable for an expanded definition of landscape and can be called Meta-landscape.

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The purpose of this study is to make a management scheme of trampling impacts along trails in alpine zone of natural parks. Among the effects of trampling reported to date the effect of a given intensity of human trampling on natural enviroment shares a dependency with the nature of the terrain, soil, drainage and vegetation. I propose a pair of management scheme. One is a regional level management based on an understanding of spatial and temporal patterns of impacts from a viewpoint of ecosystem. Another is a site level management based on grasping factors that affect relationships between users' behavior and environmental conditions from a viewpoint of site design. This study was conducted in Daisetsuzan National Park during the summer of 1995, 1996 and 1997. Data were collected by a field survey on impacts, users' behavior and enviromental conditions.
As a result, different habitats varied their ability to resist trampling impact. Trails in alpine snow bed plant community were vulnerable to trampling impact. Trails in this community of wet condition tended to be eroded and channeled in steep slope and to be muddy quagmires in flat slope. In an attempt to avoid mud and channels, users frequently skirted the stretch and, in doing so, widened the denuded area. A series of overlays of sensitive areas and attractions can identify both desirable and undesirable location of trails. In site design level, when a trail was actually not easier to walk on than adjacent ground, people walked off a trail, and a new path may be formed on. It was particular where it was too steep, dangerous to slip down on a snow patch or seen as a detour. The key to avoiding such problems is to make staying on the trail the easiest alternative to walk on. It should be noted that selection of durable sites in regional level and manipulation of site factor in site level are primary means of controlling impacts of human trampling.

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To identify the current situation of our rural land in the context of the limited natural resources and environmental capacity of the earth, it is necessary to develop a more practical vegetation mapping method based on image processing of aerial photographs than actual vegetation map. However, for the woodlands, it is impossible to identify floor vegetation coverage or growth from aerial photographs, except canopy tree figure such as crown size, tree stand density and tree height. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the relation between canopy tree conditions and floor vegetation coverage based on both image processing of aerial photographs and forest survey, as a case study in artificial forests of Chamaecyparis obtusa. In results, it became apparent that there were no sufficient floor vegetation under canopy trees less than at 2m tree stand interval and at 15m tree height. On the other hand, 2500 pixel square (about 187m²) gray image were utilized from digital aerial photograph data, in order to count and calculate standard deviation from each gray image. In comparing it with the floor vegetation cover rate and tree height, the relationship between them were recognized. In conclusion, It was considered that standards deviation of gray image were possible to utilize as a factor of floor vegetation with forest stand structure.

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This thesis clarifies the generating process of landscape in the view point of self-organization in a case of commercial district through the case of Shibaura area in Tokyo. The spatial changes during 1982 to 1997 were clarified by classifying the characteristics of each commercial facility in the survey area by referring to the old maps, regional historical materials and geographical survey. Also, the thesis analyzes the changes of landscape interpretations which were then clarified in reference to descriptions of periodicals. As a conclusion by compairing these 2 results, these changes are explained through the concrete examples as a result of an intereffect between the space itself and an interpretation which has occured by means of their heterogenious characters.

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From the moment they were born they gradually become aware of their surrounding. and, they experience many landscapes, and gain the memory of landscape. This paper aims to reveal what scenes they regard as the memory of landscape, and when they gain the memory of landscape. The results are as follows;
1) Points of view in natural landscape are not only top of a mountain, coast, and meadow but also road and observatory and dridge.
2) The structure of natural landscape are recognized the spatial distribution of objects. In addition, the changeable factors of time and season influence the recognition of natural landscape.
3) The 72% of them gain the memory of landscape in the morning.
4) They often gain the memory of landscape when it is fine weather and bright sunshine.
5) There are few influence of temperature and wind.

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Landscapes are dynamic in the sense not only that the body states change, but also that their values and/or meanings are not fixed and change during time. Taking this point into account, the purpose of this paper is to make a dynamic model to represent landscape. The author took a classic Japanese literature “Tohkan-Kikou” as an example of a manuscript of landscape experience, and through its analysis, clarified the process of landscape generation, and showed that the landscapes are generated dynamically and are rewritten by the structures of the following landscapes. In addition to this, the author explained the process of how the landscapes were deepened, which was able to be expressed directly in the author's model, by introducing the concept of the landscape experience phase.

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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the park management system of the Vancouver Regional Parks in Canada. The Vancouver Regional Park System is a typical natural park and is administrated by the Parks Department of Greater Vancouver Regional District.
The analysis of this study focused on the recreational services, recreation programs and management organization of park.
The results of the study are the follows:
1) It is very important to formulate the park's recreational programs at the same time as the parks physical design during planning process.
2) The park interpretation programs for park user is important to the efficient management and maintenance of natural parks.
3) There are five types of park interpretation programs. They are as follows: a) Weekend & Holiday Program, b) Adult & Teens Program, c) Children's Program, d) Preschooler Program and e) Parents Program.
4) Special events program is very significant in order to involve and serve the exiting community around the park.
5) The visitor services section and the interpreter section of the Parks Department are important parts of the park management organization.

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This study is aimed to make clear that the environmental conservation effects of open spaces by urban redevelopment which were planted in continues, comparing Uonotana-street where there are many planted open space with Mirei-street where open space doesn't exist. It is concluded that in August it restrains to increasing 2.0°C, in September it restrains to increasing 0.6°C, and in December it restrains to reducing 1.9°C in the temperature on the Uonotana-street. About twice of more kinds and individuals of birds are observed on Uonotana-street than on the other. About ninety percent of the pedestrians select Uonotana-street. About the landscape evaluation, all of the evaluating items of Uonotana-street are much higher. In this way, it was confirmed that open spaces by urban redevelopment which were planted in continues has the environmental conservation effects.

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Master Design System applied in the process of parks and open space development of Kohoku New Town in Kanagawa proved to be an effective procedure tointegrate planning and design into a landscape and space envisioned in the concept of land development project. In the system, the concepts of parks and open space planning were converted to five sub-systems of open space and landscape. Based upon the contents of those sub-systems, the concepts were given graphical images of design codes and spesifications through Master Design. It enables the designers to provide, in the design level, a practical image of the space and landscape expressed in the abstract concepts prepared in the planning level.

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Several design competitions for public parks executed in Japan throughout 1980s and '90s were discussed in terms of status as design works and positioning of designers. The designers who proposed winning scheme of the competition have been given status of four different levels of commitment in post competition process of project. Four specific winning designs which represent the levels of commitment afterwards were examined in details to clarify the positioning of the designers and the credit of design works themselves as well. It was surmised that a critical reason why the designers have not been given full commitment although design credit belongs to the designer lies in the judgment by the client regarding how far the designer's discretion can be recognized in design and construction process.

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This study focuses on physical landscape structure which contributes to inhabitant's perceived satisfaction of their surroundings. The aim of this study is to establish landscape program criteria for site planning. 3 residential areas were used as study subjects. A questionnaire was distributed to a total of 625 people, the results were tallied and analyzed. According to this study's definition, physical landscape structure is comprised of both natural and manmade features. This study attempts to answer the question, “How do these features influence ones understanding of the quality of a place.”
Generally, people are found to be satisfied with the place they live. But the reasons and degree of their satisfaction vary with the physical location. People who live in a place where original landform is evident strongly consider landform to be a very important feature. People who live in a place where massive grading has destroyed the original landform consider existing land-use and convenience of circulation important features. And finally in a place where there is no topographical change and where land-use and circulation are not well planned satisfaction is derived from adjacent natural features not from features found in their neighborhood. Therefore natural landscape structure is considered highly significant by residents. Planners should consider this in the P` stage of site planning.

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People who live in built-up area recognize open space, including road, as living space not equally, because spatial structure of open space have great variety. This study aims to clarify the relationship between spatial structure and spatial cognition of the built-up area. In this study, we grasp the spatial structure in built-up area by analyzing distribution and formation of open space, and find out the relationship between the spatial structure and the publicprivate level of open space by knowing the sphere of living and the distribution of gardening on alley.
From the analysis, we found that 1) the definite and independent space unit, 2) the phase of inner space, affect the spatial cognition.

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Recently, urban forests have been lost by urbanization, but in this situation, people want to conserve and utilize effectively these urban forests. For conservation and utilization, we have to evaluate the forests from various aspects. In this study, we have attempted to evaluate the value of each urban forest from the aspects of human behavior and the physical environment. As a result of this evaluation, we can gain basic considerations of the requirements for conservation and utilization of urban forests.

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The authors investigated the effect of people's living environment on their awareness for nature conservation. Mail questionnaires were sent to the residents who live in six areas with different landscapes in and around Tokyo. Totally, 3, 000 mails (500 for each area) were sent and 1, 005 were sent back (average collection rate 34.3%). The questionnaires were designed to ask people's intention for “evaluation of living environment”, “necessity of nature conservation” and “type of demanded landscape elements”. The portion of the residents who recognized the necessity of nature conservation was more than 90% in all areas.
Residents who felt the lack of contact with plants and animals tended to think that conservationwas not enough. Man made greenery, i. e. artificial urban parks, was demanded eagerly in areas where these kinds of greenery were not abundant enough. Natural greenery such as coppice was strongly demanded in areas where the residents had daily contact with nature.

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This study dealt with an open space planning of Kohoku New Town which aimed at establishing open space system to conserve natural environment. The purpose of this study is to clarify the theoretical advancement process of open space planning and meanings and roles of parks and open space as a means of realization. It was confirmed that the open space planning of Kohoku N. T. was able to be understood as the process to realize structural open space system keeping the balance of a dual-function supported by parks and open spaces; recreational use and conservation of natural environment, and this dual-function system was regarded as a obstacle for building a structural open space system in the following two respects ; lowering of function and limitation of component.

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In the case of university campuses, planning and design of open space is one of main principle making order whole scale of space. And also open space makes order of space in urbanization area, too. This phenomenan shows there are many relationship of university campuses and urbanization area. So, these principle are important item to the planning phase of improvement of urbanization area. During study of master plan of university, I find open space play an role in making order and composition of space between university campus and urbanization area. The object of this study is to make clear of function of open space, connecting between university campus and urbanization area, and to find new framework of improvement of the urbanization area.

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Two studies were undertaken to determine the effect of paddy fields on summertime air temperature in urban fringe areas in Kasukabe City, Saitama Prefecture, Japan.
In the first study, air temperatures were measured at 45 observation stations which represented a range of paddy field distribution patterns from contiguous to highly segmented, and differences between air temperature of each observation station and that of a representative residential area were calculated. The maximum temperature difference was approximately 2°C, and a correlation between coverage ratio of paddy fields and temperature difference was identified: the greater the area of paddy fields the larger the temperature difference. Further analysis identified a strong relationship between segmentation level of paddy fields and air temperature for areas of moderate coverage ratio. For the same coverage ratio, areas with a few large paddy fields had larger temperature differences than areas with many smaller paddy fields. This suggests that segmentation of paddy fields reduced their effectiveness in cooling the airof surrounding residential areas.
In the second study, air temperatures were measured in transects along residential streets opening onto large paddy fields to identify the distance of the cooling effect of paddy fields to reach into surrounding residential areas.
Under the condition of average 2 m/s wind moving from paddy fields, the cooling effect was identified to reach a distance of 150 to 200m from the edge of paddy fields.
The results of the two studies suggest that both segmentation of paddy fields and a large-scaled residential development should be controlled when the effect of paddy fields on summertime air temperature in surrounding residential areas is expected.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the quantity, the velocity and the mechanisms of fluctuations of environmental capacity in the Yodo River basin and the Yamato River basin in the Kansai district. For this purpose we assume that environmental capacity is composed of environmental quantity and environmental load and compare the environmental capacity at 1975 and at 1991.
The results of analysis are summarized as follows:
1) The environmental capacity of CO₂ fixation has decreased in quantity by the increase of the amount of CO₂ exhaustion per person.
2) The environmental capacity of CO₂ fixation has increased in quantity by the increase of the standing volume of forest.
3) The environmental capacity of water resources has increased in quantity by the decrease of water demand per person.
4) The environmental capacity of water resources has decreased in quantity by the urbanization.
This survey will afford some new perspectives on our environmental design, planning and way of life.

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In recent years, opportunities for people to take part in forest conservation and maintenance have increased. In Yamashiro-cho, Kyoto Prefecture, the Sun Forester volunteer forestry program began in 1996. We have conducted surveys and made observations while participating equally in the program. Focusing on the changes in the participants' consciousnesses about forests and the forestry program, we have concluded that they are satisfied with the work itself, but need new skills, places and opportunities to realize their ideals regarding their relationship with forests. The above are some of problems when people take part in forest conservation and maintenance.

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The townscape conservation rules at Ginzan spa started from 1986. According to the rules, which are not obligation but for a grant of money, the Commitee checks plans presented by developers before the construction starts. In these 12 years, it made great contributions to the conservations. We can evaluate especially works of the Commitee which members are only inhabitants and city office workers. But at the same time we must say some problems of the checking system for unimagined buildings.

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A fishing village is a kind of local community. This case study tries to analyze the occurrence-existence relation of a fishing village's problems historically and show how the policies of those problems functioned. The text analysis of this study is done by The Mihonoseki newspaper which is published as local paper and records Mihonoseki fishing port in Yatsuka county, Shimane Pref. This study can suggest these three points as following after the text analysis.
Firstly, the focus of the problems had changed during the ages from the 14th year of Taisho (1925) to the 7th year of Heisei (1995). It was in fishery at first and in transportation and in tourism. Secondly, the policies of the community which make new problems have their limitations themselves. Third, there was some attempt to connect tourism and fishery, and to promote volunteering events as for the solution of the problems.

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This study aims to analyze the present situation of “green tourism” in Japan. We sent the questionnaires to 243 local governments. As a result, it became clear that: 1) There is a mutual relationship between the diversification of“green tourism” and the number of movements of rural encouragement, and the domestic capital and local government mainly develop “green tourism”: 2) The activities of “green tourism” are complex including mainly the farming experiences and outdoor recreations, and also existing tourism activities like a hot spring cure, skiing and playing tennis and so on. but there is a few difference in combination of tourism activity between the cases.: 3) In the cases where over a hundred thousand tourists come once a year, the characteristics of “green tourism”, such as mutual relationship with the number of movements of rural encouragement and the development by domestic capital, are decreasing.

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It is a quarter century after an EIA system was introduced in Japan. EIA seems to take root in the Japanese society. It has been, however, pointed out that the validity of Japanese EIA as a tool of environmental conservation is relatively law.
The goal of this paper is to consider ideal mitigation regulations in the EIA systems to achieve higher validity of the EIA systems.
This paper cleared that the low validity of Japanese EIA depended on lacking or unclearness of “mitigation” regulations in the EIA systems. Changes of “mitigation” regulations which were described in the texts for definitions and/or purpose of EIA systems from the first national EIA guidelines in 1972 to the latest the EIA law in 1997 were analyzed. The quarter century was roughly divided into three stages. These are “the introduction stage”(early 1970's), “the formation stage”(later 1970's to 1980's), and “the present stage”(1990's).
The National EIA law was finally enacted in 1997 and “mitigation” regulation has been clearer compared to before. It is very important to establish both national mitigation policy including priorities of mitigation actions such as 1: avo id; 2: minimize; 3: compensate, and substantial mitigation guidelines for better implementation of EIAs as soon as possible.

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In order to investigate relation between scale and temperature decrease in and near parks, temperature distribution was observed and was analyzed in four parks of different scales. Relation between the temperature decrease and ratio of green coverage was also analyzed by using regression analysis. Lower temperature in and near the parks was observed and larger cooling effect was implicated near the larger parks. The result of regression analysis showed that the increase of green coverage ratio leads the decrease of the temperaturein the parks. The degree of the temperature decrease varied according to the types of the coverage.

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In this study, a hearing survey was conducted on residents of temporary dwellings in order to try to determine how and why parks were used for evacuation after the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. Three types of refugees were identified. One was the temporary refugee, another was a temporary refugee who stayed and became a long-term refugee, and the third was the refugee who moved into a park from another place. The most important and common reasons for all refugee to choose a particular park as evacuation site was its proximity to their residence. The second reason was, for temporary refugees openness, and for long-term refugees a place where they could obtain enough privacy. The degree and ways which the refugee had used a park before the earthquake is thought to have influenced their decisions.

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About a half of the primary schools in Nagoya, exactly 113, are adjacent to the public gardens across a street, in order to use the place of refuge since the postwar reconstruction period. The eight school gardens of these primary schools were combined with the public gardens by disuse the roads between both gardens, and reformed to the public-school garden complexes. Both the schoolmasters and the head teachers answered to the oral questions about the availability of the public-school garden complexes. They felt the responsibility of the administration without school hours and wanted for the exclusive use of the primary schools. In order to increase the availability of the public-school garden complex, the heads of the community, the primary school, and the parent association planed three times workshops to know the nature and history of the community. Many habitants joined these workshops.

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It is very important to think about the existing meanings of urban parks increasing of advanced people in society. The purpose of this study is to clarify the service radius of urban parks for aged people use, through some investigations and analysis of the characteristics of aged people use: age, time and season, purpose, reason, means of transportation, frequency, and relation between the characteristics of park use and access distance, and furthermore service radius in some urban parks of Tokyo metropolitan area where many aged people are living. As the result, it was confirmed that service radius changes depending on the purpose, reason and means of transportation of park use, and the service radius is relatively provided to access distance. After this, it is necessary to investigate and research on the relation between the service radius and these various factors in many urban parks which is difficult on scale and character.

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This study was examined about the social phenomenon of “park debut, ” who do not get acquainted with a group of mothers visiting park. Hearing investigation of 20 questions were done to the mothers visiting Seatagya-ku'sthree parks. As a result, the mother who visit a park grouped into eight types by the differences of communication etc.: 1) Specified group; 2) unspecified group; 3) i-ion-belonging; 4) passing by; 5) family visit; 6) willing to have strong circle;7) consulted by the children center, and 8) wanderer. Moreover, the ratio varied by a park; ratio of type of mother differs from the park's location, dimension, and recognition of its park.

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We define canopy as a space where roof and eaves makes it possible for people to be used as a shading place or a shelter from rain. As a result of the study about actual use of canopy in the rainy day, we observed that people mostly stay or walk under the canopy. In our study we classified canopies in amusement park based on the relation between its form and its position on the pedestrian line. It is learned from the study that people tend to stay under a spacious canopy, or under a canopy which is open to all direction and have tables, chairs or benches. In case of linear canopy, besides people stay under the canopy, people tend to walk through because this type of canopy makes people expect something ahead which encourage people to walk through more underneath a linear canopy. In urban amusement park, the use of several canopies around several playing facilities and the use of one canopy in the center of playing facilities will increase the usefulness of the canopy. In suburban amusement park, satisfaction on every playing facilities will increase by using one canopy in the center of several playing facilities and by connecting them by linear canopies.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the public role and the related elements of the private garden for the residential environment, which is based on the survey for the new town inhabitants in the Kobe-Sanda International Garden City. As the results, it is clear that the private garden's public role will be consistent with the private utilization of the garden. The residents tended to prioritize the role of the human amenity more than the wild life's habitat on the private garden toward the residential environment. The private garden's decoration will be influenced by the low height between the residential lot and the front road, the open space in the residential lot, the existing tree when they moved into the house etc.

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In order to understand the space formation classification and characteristics of the “corridor” in private Chinese gardens, this paper engages in practical survey and investigation concerning the “corridor” of 8 Suchow gardens. The result turns out that: the space formation classification of the 8 gardens is divided into 4 units, also control the corresponding relationship of space characteristics and classification appearing from the form transition of “corridor”.

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