The purpose of this study was to examine the expansion patterns of bamboo forests in Kishiwada City, Osaka, by analyzing the distribution of their habitats over time. The study found that the city had 567 bamboo forests with a total area of 2, 134, 600n in 1968, 619 bamboo forests with total area of 2, 535, 000rri in 1978, and 773 bamboo forests with total area of 4, 210, 700 m in 1992. These results provide clear evidence that bamboo forests have been expanding for years, especially from 1978 to 1992. They have been expanding at the altitude of 50 to 100m and on the south-southeast slope of 5 to 10°. They have been increasing in number and have had only a slight increase in total area at the altitude of 0 to 50m and on the east-northeast slope of 0 to 5°K, indicating that their average area has been decreasing.

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A check list of flora and endangered species of lucidophyllous forest was made according to red data books and others, in order to clear characteristics of the flora and critical conditions of the endangered species of lucidophyllous forest at Kyushu and northward in Japan. The number of component species of lucidophyllous forest in each prefecture had a high positive correlation with low temperature during winter. The life form compositions of lucidophyllous elements were studied. The life form of the lucidophyllous elements was classified into 19 categories. The value of lucidophyllous tree was about 24 per cent. The dominant life form categories were forest floor herb and epiphytes. Species richness of lucidophyllous forest depended on many ferns and orchids in forest floor herb and epiphytes. About 30 per cent of the total number of component species of lucidophyllous elements is endangered. The endangered species were, for the most part, ferns and orchids.

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Tourism and recreational potential scores in terms of forest management were estimated geographically in Yamizo Taga Regional Forest Planning Area, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. This planning area has the huge amount of mountainous and hilly areas. It is considered that a new way of forest management strategies in such planning areas in Japan should be established in the very near future because of the recent changes of forest planning objectives. The result of analysis shows that there arethirty-six high potential areas in this Planning Area. By analyzing topographical features and land cover of these thirty-six areas, it is found that they can be classified into ten types. Eight of those are considered to be difficult to detect by current evaluation method. It is, therefore, suggested that a new estimation method for forest tourism and recreation should be introduced in the Japanese Forest Planning System as early as possible.

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This study examines characteristic and recognition of man-made grassland landscapes in the region of Aso, Kumamoto Prefecture. Grasslands landscape in the region of Aso is chiefly characterized by its peculiar topography stretching in a magnificent scale. This study consists of three analytical steps; firstly, this study classifies landscape features of its grasslands into 9 types according to individual topographic location and scenic peculiarity, secondly, defines 7 groups of evaluation criteria by collecting and categorizing public image and recognition of these grassland landscapes, and finally, analyses interrelationship between 9 landscape types and 7 evaluation criteria. As a result of this analysis, this study also ascertains that there are close correspondences of specific evaluation criteria, for example “calmness” and “impressiveness”, with characteristics of individual topographic types and landscape features.

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We are variously affected from our surrounding everyday. In this study, we paid attention to the changes of cognition and evaluation of natural view landscape obtained from the subjected from urban and rural areas using SD Method and Evaluation Grid Method. We empoloyed several evaluating scalings and analyzed the data, and we found some different reactions between the two subject groups. We noticed some proper features for the two groups respectively about how to acknowledge each type of landscape. On the evaluation structure of“Preference”, from comparison among main elements and physical factors and from analysis of the data employing Quantification Theory I, we found that there are some difference in ecaluation structure between these two groups. As a result, we also found some relation between the natural environment around a life region and the cognition/ evaluation of the landscape.

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Comparison of coastal landscape resources and land-uses on Hokkaido were discussed in this paper. Conservation of landscape resources, particularly natural coasts, were disturbed by their land-uses. Comparison of the changes in natural coastal areas belonging to natural parks versus those not belonging to natural parks, revealed almost no changes in the former but decreases in the latter, and in particular decreases of sandy gravel coasts. This could be explained by the fact that the management level of coastal areas belonging to natural parks is not as intensive as of those not belonging to. Since the proportion of the sandy gravel coasts in natural park areas has the lowest percentage compared to cliff and rock formations, their preservation and management should be considered.

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The purpose of this study is to review the development of practical methods used for landscape analysis in past academic researches and environmental impact assessments (EIAs) so as to have a prospect of future landscape assessment. Academic landscape researches have been dealing with landscape from two standpoints: as visual images, e. g. Landschaftsbild, and as 3-dimensional space.
As their practical methods of landscape evaluation, psychological approaches were introduced in the first stage, followed by socio-economic approaches. The former aimed to explore values of landscapes by translating visual perception into physical quantities while the latter aimed to explore the relation between physical characteristics of landscapes with scales of values recognized by human beings.
On the other hand, EIAs had been approaching landscape exclusively as a visual change or impact caused by a certain project until the Environmental Impact Assessment Law of 1997, which led to changes in the way that landscape is treated in EIAs and in items and elements of landscape that are used for landscape evaluation. As a result, landscape analysis in EIA will be required to adopt various approaches like academic researches.

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The conversion of the social and economical system of our country in recent years has brought change to the method of maintenance for the living environment about public space. The purpose of this paper is to consider and clarify the problem of the landscape and specialist image. Particularly, it is focused that the participatory landscape planning. I did the survey with questionnaire to grasp the trend of the recognition of local governments and analyze those data with Covariance Structure Analysis. The conclusions are as below: 1.The consciousness of the citizen is very important for the landscape. 2.The knowledge on the design is required in the participatory landscape planning. And the knowledge on the process is required in the not participatory landscape planning. 3.The specialist of the Landscape should recognize again the relationship which design and process complement to each other.

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Many of satoyama beech forests, which had close relationships with local residents through fuelwood use, face the conservational problems, such as decrease in areas and abandonment. The objective of this study is to compare landscape evaluation and senses of succession of satoyama beech forests, between local and urban residents. From the analysis by repertoire-grid method, we chose several impression axes like thickness and naturalness, and presented landscape evaluation structure of every land-use history. As the results of multi-dimensional landscape evaluation, we found large differences between local and urban residents, and clarified that senses of succession of satoyama beech forests by local residents depend on the evaluation of function for soil and water conservation, beauty and closeness.

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Summary: The social and ecological impacts caused by the increased number of visitors in the mountains, many of which designated as National Parks, should be considered. Though there are mountaineers involved with the management of some areas, but the structure of their organizations, the nature of their activities as well as the problems they face are unknown. In order to obtain information about this, 225 alpine clubs in Hokkaido were surveyed by a questionnaire, the response rate of which was 61.3%. It became clear that many of the alpine clubs maintain and keep tidy trails and huts, protect land, train climbers and attitudes, and arrange climbing meetings. While involved in management activities, these clubs, regional federations of alpine clubs and volunteer organizations, have played an important role in liaising with other institutions, such as local authorities and foresters. Among the difficulties these clubs had faced were the lack of volunteers, various obstacles as well as the lack of established communications between them and the administration. It could be concluded that providing administrative support and working in collaboration with these clubs could help to obtain a successful management of the mountain areas.

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Forest had been directly connected with local living, and to clarify change of use and its influence on forest landscape are essential. In Shirakawa-mura Ogimachi, most of historic use of forest had decayed after 1960's. Use and division of forest were linked to diversity of landscapes before 1960's. After 1960's, grassland which was distinctive character of forest landscapehad decreased and the change makes the border between forest and village clearer than before. Forest landscape has evolved through use by the people whose activity and occupancy shaped it, and current landscape which is covered by trees has been formed as a result of decrease of forest use only for a few decades.

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This study makes the rates clear for the natural landscape to lower its quality when a visitor recognizes another one's existence, viewing natural scenery. Our investigating place was focused on Oze area, especially the marsh area, in Nikko National Park. And we tried to verify how differences of the situations of visitors (how crowded or arranged) influence the national landscape at that area. We took such investigating method as method of magnitude estimation to make an experiment of evaluation on influential rates of visitors both of a close-range view and far-range view of the natural landscape, varying number and distance of the visitors. As a result of the experiment, we could get a clear conclusion that there is a correlation between number and distance in influential rates on the natural landscape.

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In order to define the social carrying capacity in National Parks, it is necessary to survey visitors' crowding perceptions and acceptable limits of encounters with other visitors. However, the numerical approach, which consists ofasking respondents about an acceptable number of other visitors, has several shortcomings. In this study, a visual approach, based on photomontage simulations, was applied to measure visitors' crowding perception and acceptable limit of encounters in the Sugatami area, in Daisetsuzan National Park, Hokkaido. The results are summarized as follows:
1) the response rate of acceptable limits of encounters estimated by a visual approach was about twice the rate investigated by the numerical approach used in previous studies. Therefore the visual approach could be accepted as effective, especially in high-use areas.
2) although visitors' crowding perceptions heightened with the increase of visitors in the photo simulations, this relationship was not always consistent. As for the results, more thorough examination about location of visitors and scene composition in the photo simulations might be necessary.

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Increasing public demands for outdoor recreation and diversification of recreation style have made several damages of natural environment and have brought some deterioration in the quality of recreational experience for visitors in National Park of Japan. There is a need to introduce new thought and method into present planning framework to cope with these problems. This study focused on the preservation of quality of proper recreational experience for visitors and discused its propriety of introducing a framework of recreation opportunity. As a result, the framework recognized that a recreation opportunity was defined as a chance to engage in a preferred activity within desired settings to realize desired experiences so that these settings, activities and experiences could be linked together. Settings were defined as the combination of physical-biological, social and managerial conditions that could be packaged in various combinations, thereby creating a diversity of recreational settings and could be changed by impacts of recreational use. The framework acknowledged that visitors should be provided with a range of recreation opportunities so that individual tastes could be appropriately accommodated. These features of the framework should be useful to cope with the problems and to protect the integrity of the representative natural environment and providing proper recreation experience for visitors. On a conceptual level, the framework of recreation opportunity is considered to be useful in complementing present planning and management of National Parks to cope with problems induced by over-use and supporting a scheme for holistic planning and management of them.

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It is important to spatially figure out the actual state of a coppice forest called “Satoyama” in Japanese in order to control and use Satoyama by effectively using its various functions. As part of such efforts, the seasonal change in the tone of nine representative tree species in Satoyama in the suburbs of Fukuoka City was analyzed using aerial color photographic data, and the possibility of tree species classification based on the characteristics of tone change was examined. As a result, evergreen broad-leaved trees showed distinctive tone change in spring, deciduous broad-leaved trees showed distinctive tone change in springand autumn, while evergreen needle-leaved trees did not show distinctive tone change throughout the year, indicating that each of tree species has specific tone change. In addition, it was understood that the R value in the RGB data, as well as the H value (hue) and the I value (intensity) in the HSI data, clearly showed the change in the tone of trees, which was effective in classification of tree species. Furthermore, it has been understood that optimum observation periods for classification of tree species are May and December.

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This study aims to classify experience of the past, conceptualized image, and perception in new environment through photography, drawing, and text description. Consequently, it became clear that the group surrounded by urban nature has perceived few objects individually, the group familiar with forests in childhood term perceives many objects, which creates the object field, and the group experienced mountain climbing recently perceives them also as the viewpoint field connected to themselves.

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The video recorded by the former forest landscape robot camera was analyzed and the new environmental information recording technique that fits the future broad-band network communications age was assessed. An environment sound record function by stereophonic recording was added afresh, the latest video format DVCAM was introduced for improvement in the picture quality precision and an improvement over the existing robot camera was made. Sound from the natural environment like chirping of birds and insects, wavering of branch and leaves, sound of wind and raindrops were recorded by the improved system. It was found that the DVCAM could record more detailed information of the natural environment. Bird researcher listed several species of wild bird from the sound recorded by the system. It appears that such sound recording can be utilized for the environmental monitoring. The further improvement in the current environmental monitoring by video image and sound recording and sharing of the data on the internet will make the natural environmental monitoring technology more reliable and at the same time will help people to feel and understand the natural environment better. Further research is needed to establish the reliable natural environment monitoring system by using the newest robot cameras.

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In this study, we examined validity of using three dimensional computer graphic images made with a VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) system as a medium for landscape evaluation. The VRML system is a landscape visualization system developed by HONJO et al.(1999). First, with the VRML system, we simulated still images and animation images on a garden landscape in Chiba University. Using three media for representing landscapes (photographs, VRML still images and VRML animation images), we conducted an evaluation experiment by semantic differential method and analyzed the data of three media with factor analysis respectively. The result of the analysis showed that common factor to three media has been extracted. We also examined the level to which the three media expressed real landscape. As a result, the media expressed the real landscape in the order of the photograph, the VRML animation, and the VRML still image. Therefore, the validity of the VRML animation as a medium for landscape evaluation was confirmed.

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Electroencephalogram, heart rate, and subjective evaluation of subjects inspecting two different setting such as a plant-dominant setting of hedge and lawn, and a concrete-dominant setting of block fence and pavement were compared after the exposure to the noise of 80dB (A) for 90 seconds watching a whiteboard. In the concrete-dominant setting α-wave ratio and heart rate variant kept low value, and the subjective evaluation was negative. On the other hand, in the plant-dominant setting, α-wave ratio and heart rate variant transited at a high value, and the subjective evaluation was positive. From these results, noise stress recovery in the plant-dominant setting proved effective.

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Only considering the visual aspects is inadequate for the design and planning of the space for stay. It is necessary to also consider the produce of interpersonal influence. In this study, An open space in the center of Tokyo was selected as a sample of urban outdoor public space, considering that this site is thought as the space for stay by many people and staying people are often observed at this site in everyday life. This study aimed at clarifying influence which the staying person does to stay action, considering staying person as a human element which is indispensable to an open space. Through the dynamic-analysis which took time change into consideration, the relation between the number of staying people and the frequency of stay occurring, and the relation between the number of staying people and the stay time was grasped. In a result, the frequency of stay occurring was higher at the domain near a stay person. The more people are staying at the site, the higher the frequency of stay occurring is. The stay time was considered to be getting longer with more staying people at the site.

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The object of this study is to recognize requirements for developing bay-side open spaces based upon people' behavior from neighboring and remote residents.“Minato 100nen Park”, located on reclaimed land in Higashiku, Fukuoka City, was investigated as a case study. The study consisted of observation of people' s behavior in the park and surveys handed out on six occasions. As a result of this study, some differences in frequency of people's access to the park, characteristics of people's activity in the park and people's perceptions of environmental elements were identified as a basis for harmonizing related behavioral effects on people.

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Gujyohatiman, as well-known water-abundant city, has used water network in daily life since modern times. The aim of this study is to examine relationship the hydraulic equipments and the traditional sound environment of the canal network at Gujyohachiman which developed castle town. The results are summarized as follows;(1) The canal network is characterized by 6 systems of canal network and peoples always has used them.(2) There is a difference between each hydraulic equipment of characteristic. The sound environment of hydraulic equipment also is distinctive of each hydraulic equipment form. Thus the sound which is made by the hydraulic equipments is a traditional sound.

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Recently there have been examples of citizen participation in street flower planting and maintenance in many cities around Hokkaido. Flowers planted along the pavement are to be seen in many residential areas of Sapporo. In order to understand residents' attitudes towards street flowers, a questionnaire was delivered in the Satsunae area of Higashi Naebo, Sapporo, where flowers had been planted in the streets.
The results showed strong agreement on the aesthetical contribution of flowers to the streetscape. Factor analysis of the items related to street flowers revealed the following four factors:‘effort to maintain’, ‘socio-environmental’, ‘aesthetic value/closeness to nature’ and ‘privacy issues’. Cluster analysis based on factor scores divided the sample into three groups according their attitudes to street flowers. People in Cluster 1 appeared to have negative attitudes as a whole. Representatives of Cluster 2, who were mostly in their 40s and 50s, could be named as the ‘socially oriented’ group whereas those in Cluster 3 appeared to be the aesthetically appreciative group.

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The Changes of the numbers and species of street trees in Tokyo were analyzed with multivariable analysis. Then the following findings were obtained: 1) the number of street trees has been increasing rapidly since 1970. 2) The number of flower and evergreen trees has been increasing and 3) the number of street trees except regular species has been also increasing in recent years. 4) Developments in the maintenance and planting of street trees have been at different stages by each type of roads. 5) The types of roads make a distinction between the selections of species for street trees.

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Investigations were carried out using questionnaires in braille points returned back from visually handicapped persons of national regions in order to find out how they use a park, what is the obstacles to them in using park, and what institutions they want. The parks they use are located in the place to go easily from the home and have a lot of green area and wide space. If there are some dangerous spots on the way to park, or they have no friend to play each other, they never go to the park. The institutions which they want in the park are mainly walking lanes, benches and rest stations.

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The purpose of this thesis is to grasp participatory park design features compared with usual park design contents. We focused on residents' opinions for the park design of Narai-park Okazaki city, Aichi pref. and overlay those on authorized park design table. Results are follows, 1. Participatory design cover almost all concepts and facilities those usual park design table shows. 2. Residents solved some conflicts on design issue by withdrawing to design concepts.

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This study analyzed citizen participation in the planning process of block parks to evaluate the effect of such participation on future park maintenance and management. The analysis illustrated that a wider variety of activities were under taken in parks when citizens participated in the planning process compared to parks planned without citizen participation. However, the duration of the activities varied among the parks. Seven different park cases were reported, detailing the attributes of citizen groups in the planning process and the involvement activities in maintenance and management. The selection of citizen groups in the planning process was discussed to promote the following activities.

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The city park with a paddy field is precious space for city residents with having seldom seen the Rural landscape and touching little wildlife. But Rural landscape like a paddy field needs management by people. It is a problem who takes charge of such work. This research has grasped the actual condition of a city park with a paddy field. Moreover, it investigated about the maintenance management organization of a paddy field. The result is as follows. There were 29 city parks in Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba, and Saitama. In many parks, the citizen had participated in management. There was a citizen who does work several times and repeatedly per year. The maintenance management organization of some types was seen.

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Focusing on school biotope, which is a new type of open space in school campus, this paper shows the actual usage of open spaces inside and outside the school by questionnaire from the point of natural environmental education. And the important usage of open spaces was considered when natural environmental education is introduced into standard curriculum for elementary schools. As a result school biotope was grouped into five types from the point of its component and the usage, and the design of school biotope was fitted into the case or perception of each of the schools.And it was certainly recognized as a place of natural environmental education. Moreover, the possibility of natural environmental education at each open space was suggested.

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This study aims to clarify the fundamental knowledge when establishing adventure playground in park system. We have analyzed the actual use and parent's evaluation of resident's initiative adventure playground in Kansai. The findings of our researches are as follows:(1) Adventure playgrounds should be located within children's daily activity area.(2) Planning and contrivance for unrestricted play is important in park system.(3) Adult participation in the play should be encouraged.(4) The management system supported by administrations and the residents, and disposition of play-leaders are also essential.

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This study aimed to find the way to succeed residential plants, which tend to be reduced or changed by house renewal, especially after great disaster. We have researched the changes of the plants and its effective factors on the renewal after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in each house. The findings are as follows; on the houses in the district whish has been developed after 1931, the main factors were the going in and out of construction machinery through the house renewal because many premises borders on the road with narrow width. On the other hand, on the houses in old district, the main factors were construction of parking space in the garden and change of building position because of lifestyle changes rather than the effects of construction machinery. In addition, if residents have had a strong attachment to their plants, many plants tend to be succeeded. But if residents' liking for plants has changed or they have had the problem on expenses for the plants management, the plants tend to be reduced.

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In this study, involvement in gardening and planting activities by new residents of the reconstructed housing complexes were analyzed according to the types of open spaces in order to understand the nature of their involvement, and to clarify future issues and possible measures for conducting open space design, including involvement by residents in gardening and planting activities. The study utilized field and questionnaire surveys. These surveys showed that ornamental plants were the dominant choice, and that creating a green landscape around their apartments was of high interest for the new residents. Gardening and planting activities were most often done individuals in areas under the balconies of the apartments, but were also done in some cases by groups of residents still in the initial period of their residency. Play lots and entrance zones of the housing sites were most frequently chosen by the groups of residents This study suggests the effectiveness of offering funds, materials, and technical support for gardening and planting, as well as the importance ofl eaving open intact spaces for residents to become involved in gardening and planting activities.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the concepts of the standards of park and open spaces planning and the alteration of those in Japanese early modern era. We analyzed 12 standards from historical continuance, contents and concepts. As results, 1. Very early standard showed park in number, and It was changed to total quantity of park area and continued to present, 2. This change was related to the land readjustment standard that introduced as new land acquisition way, 3. The standards were sophisticated in classification and hierarchy.

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The purpose of this paper is finding a characteristics of road planting in pictures painted by Andou Hiroshige. After analyze 418 pictures of 8 types from “Toukaidou 53 Tsugi”, we found that 1) planting in line is much rare than planting by single. 2) Planting by single is used around important road's facilities, like bridge, Chaya (Japanese Caf e) and so on. 3) It emphasize the importance of these facilities. 4) And the shapes of these trees are peculiar and make facilities more impressive.

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This paper deals with Lake Yamanaka region which takes on character of resort area and sightseeing area. The purpose of this study is 1) to arrange the development process of that region and 2) to make clear the location of resort houses and facilities for sightseeing and to seize the space structure of them. From the Analysis, I found that Lake Yamanaka region has been popularizing from the middle of 1940's and that resort houses and facilities for sightseeing share the space at this stage and so on.

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This paper aims to clarify the situations of “Tourism utilizing Agricultural Resources” as a rural encouragement method. Main results are as follows.
1)“Tourism utilizing Agricultural Resources” plays various roles in rural encouragement: such as (i) the utilization of farming fields, (ii) the development of consumers' demand for farm products, (iii) the diversification of the farm products distribution, (iv) the creation of new employment, and (v) the creation of exchange between the inhabitants and the tourists.
2) Compared with ordinary farm, tourist-oriented farming has some superior aspects: such as selling agricultural products with higher prices to the tourists directly, and promoting labor-saving agriculture, reformation of the market, utilization of old farmers and woman farmers material, activation of small-crop farming

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After registered as The World Heritage, tourists visiting the Historic Village of Shirakawa-go have increased rapidly, and it has influenced variously to the residents.
This paper aims to clarify the characteristics of the tourists' behavior in village, and also what scene attracts the tourists. We have done a survey of the pedestrians, a questionnaire to the tourists, and an experiment using projective method by photograph. The results of analysis are mainly that the main tourist route in village is found out, and also there are impression scenes for the tourists on the way of that route. The result suggests that to make the policy for accepting mass tourists, it is necessary that reappraising the area in view of tourism planning.

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The aim of this study is to seek how to conserve historical landscapes by means of surveying the recent five years' activities at three areas, Ginzan spa, Kami-isazawa settlement, and Core area of Ohishida Town, and comparing the change of their landscapes between 1996 and 2001. The results are as follows: 1) At Ginzan spa the historical landscape was conserved by the townscape conservation rules which were carried out by the guild of the spa. 2) At Kami-isazawa settlement there were many activities for the consensus of the landscape conservation, but in the meanwhile the decrease of inhabitants is in progress. 3) AtC ore area of Ohishida Town the historical landscape was being lost rapidly because there was not the activities of inhabitants.

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This thesis clarifies the changes of policies on park management in a case of Koga-Sogo Park in Koga city, Ibaraki prefecture. This thesis analyzes the changes of the contents in the public brochure of the city. The news contents about the park were then classified into subjects about construction and about promotion of use. The former were mainly provided by the department of town planning and the latter, which occupies about 70% of the contents, were by the Board of education, the Peach festival executive committee, the committee of tree-planting and the Parkmaster. Also, the mutual relation between the contents and progresses of construction of the park is clarified.

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This study aims to find out the change of people's view of the sights, and the change of suburb of Edo that weren't affected by the urbanization of Edo City, through the Edo Era, through the representative guidebooks to sights of Edo Era used in case of travel around sights. We choose the 7 representative guidebooks to sights of Edo Era as target of analysis, and analyze the change of the composition of contents, the preface, the kinds of sights of them, and the description of the sights that appears in the guidebooks through the Edo era. Findings are as follows, 1) Though most of sights were temple and shrine in the beginning of Edo Era, Citizen's view of sights diversified as Edo city matured through the Edo Era. 2) The citizens of Edo city added new view to the sights not only in Edo city but also in suburb of Edo city.

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Nowadays vest pocket park projects have spread all over Japan since the latter part of 1980s. But, objects of establishment and space characteristics of vest pocket parks are unknown to various local self governing bodies. So in this study, first, I sent out questionnaires to various local self governing bodies on how pocket parks are planning by them. Second, their answers and the plans were examined in order to study the purpose and story of establishment and space characteristics of vest pocket parks. As the results, It made clear, objects of establishment and space characteristics, for example, 24 classification types, 3 important factors of composition, of vest pocket parks by analysis of 326 vest pocket parks in 54 self governing bodies in Japan.

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Since May 2000, Obuse town is the first case of ‘Open Garden’, that is to open the private residential area with well decorated gardens, in cooperation with the administration office. The purpose of this study is to show the effect and problem of the private gardens open to the public by hearing participants in it. The characteristics of the open gardens are that there are a great variety of garden styles and that they are always opened to the public. Following effects were made clear; About half the participants worked eagerly on their gardens, and the relationship of the family members became deeper through their understandings of gardening and helping with their work of it. Following problems of continuing and running it were made clear; Participants can feel too much pressure by feeling too responsible for the anticipation the spectators have, and the differences of the recognition of the system among each participants can occur problems. The recognition and the understanding of the system between each participant as well as between the participants and the administration office are expected to popularize.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify situation of conservation for urban nature and the role of voluntary bodies (conservation NPO) in Greater London. The results obtained from this study are summarized as follows. The ratio of urban nature area in Outer London was three or more times higher than that of Inner London. The British Trust for Conservation Volunteers London (BTCV) and the London Wildlife Trust (WLT) has a significant role to play in the nature conservation movement in London. Both BTCV and LWT have deeply relations to the local councils. But there is a difference in the method of approaching the nature conservation activity BTCV and LWT. Main conservation activities sites by the London Borough are unevenly distributed and also the main activity area of BTCV and LWT is not corresponding. These activities sites are distributed not only over the Outer London but also over the Inner London where green spaces have already been lost.

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When researching advanced methods of effectively training residential leaders to promote voluntary greenery activities, one of the more advanced examples is the Master Gardener Program in the United States. However, there still are many unknown matters about the image and training. So, I checked a homepage that introduces the Master Gardener Program, which has been established in each state, and found how such people are regarded and trained. In the beginning, Master Gardeners were citizen volunteers who were trained to extend the results of studies related to gardening held by universities. Gradually, these activities diversified, as some States did not limit the activities to those within a certain interpretation. Corresponding to such changes, each state developed their own curriculum to train leaders for these various activities.

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Greenways provide several benefits for urban residents. However, occurrence of the fear of crime in greenways in Japanese new towns has recently been regarded as an issue. To identify the physical characteristics of greenways that cue the fear of crime, two indices were used: the depth of sight and the distance to a visible residential building from the position of a pedestrian. One hundred and twenty two scenes of greenways in Tsukuba City in Ibaraki prefecture were taken in this study and categorized into eight types by using the two indices. Then a representative scene was selected from each type. The total of eight scenes were used in a psychological experiment with thirty-four subjects. The result of the experiment illustrated that the desirable sight-depth varies according to the distance to a visible building. The further away visible buildings the more the subjects required a more open perspective to feel safe. Visible buildings were interpreted as signs of residence, which in turn placated fear of crime.

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The experiment, which examined roles of non-visual information and events such as activities of human beings and animals as well as visual information, was carried out in order to know the nature of sequential experiences in walking according to the ecological perception theory. As a result, the sequential experiences could be completely different depending on individuals. The experiences were deemed diverse judging from the scale of the 14 subjects (13 subjects for statistical analysis). However, the articulation judgements by the subjects could be categorized into 41 patterns and revealed similarity in sequential experiences of individuals. The statistical analysis indicated that “ground, ”“attached objects” and “the other visual information (mostly related to visual range and depth)” should have higher priority in order from the viewpoint of designing or planning experiences shared by more people. Events and auditory information should be taken into consideration as important elements of the environment in terms of designing or planning diverse sequential experiences.

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The street is the main constituent element of the cityscape, and the streetscape has a great influence on the improvement of the quality of residents' living environment.
In this study, we selected four landscape elements of the streetscape as variable elements, and made eight landscape images using the image processing, and carried out the evaluation experiment of streetscape. In the conventional landscape analysis, the factor analysis has been mainly used for the result of the evaluation experiment. But, to examine the causal relationship between the physical measurements on landscape elements and the subjective-psychological judgment on landscape evaluation, we analyzed the streetscape evaluation with two analytical methods, namely the neural network which has the availability for the problem which has the uncertainty such as the subjective judgment, and the covariance structure model which has the capability of flexibly forming the model. And we confirmed the availability and usefulness of each analytical method.

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This research has aimed to clarify the effect of the road beautification activity which has been hardly referred up to now and the evaluation for citizen participation-type road beautification activity in our country. In autumn of 2000, a survey was conducted, targeting prefectures, cities, towns and villages all over Japan. As a result, the following facts have come into light:
1) The overall evaluation on an administrative side to citizen participation-type road beautification activity is considerably high.
2)“Road user's effect of the manners improvement” cannot be so expected though “Effect of the fine sight improvement the road sideward” is seen when citizen participation-type is executed.
3) As a result of the factor analysis, an administrative side captures the effect of citizen participation-type by two factors of “Improvement of the image of the region” and “Manners improvement of the road user”.

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The trees specified to be protection trees in Toyonaka-city, Ikeda-city, and Minoo-city of northern Osaka prefecture amount to 446 in number. However, the 36.1% of these trees were canceled in about 25 years. This research is aimed at acquiring useful knowledge to green protection of the giant trees in a city area, and carried out the questionnaire for the former owner of these canceled trees. Consequently, it turns out that thetwo major factors which resulted in specification release are withering to death of the tree and development of the tree's site (rental housing, their own house, parking lot, etc.). On the other hand, from the trees located along a road, a former owner's mental burden was also large by the worries about fallen leaves and overhang of branches, and by the complaint from neighboring residents. Although it is the protection trees which are also the environmental resources of those area, in order to prevent the reduction, we think it is important that the maintenance management activities and recreational use would be carried out by collaboration based on mutual understanding of an owner and neighboring residents.

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Targeting the communities distributed along Meguro River, this study aims to sociologically illustrate the prototypes of spatial compositions, which includes the communities' daily life, religion and physical environment. In addition, this study tries to elucidate the changes of communities' social spatial composition as the consequences of urban development and modernization. Focus is paid on the impacts of civil engineering modification of river channels.
In this study, three Shinto shrine parishes (Ujiko) which have different geographical features along Meguro River were selected. Using old pictures and topographic maps made in the Edo era, spatial composition prototypes of these three communities were analyzed. Based on Kojiro's (1975) spatial community model, the religion axis and daily life axis were extracted. The changes of social spatial compositions after Edo era were observed through the analysis of portable shrine's routes and the examination of physical environment changes.
And, through this case study, like the river confining the Ujiko area, the roles of river played on the spatial composition are observed. As a result, several forms of spatial composition and their transformations were identified.

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