Eleven healthy young male participants were exposed to three intermittent light conditions: blue light, green light, and simultaneous exposure to blue and green light with a pulse width of 1 ms at 100 Hz. The relative pupil constriction amplitude (% pupil constriction) was measured at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 7th minute from the start of light exposure. The % pupil constriction during green light exposure was significantly lower than that during both blue light and simultaneous blue and green light exposure. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the % pupil constriction between blue light exposure and simultaneous blue and green light exposure, even though the melanopic irradiance was 1.6 times higher in the simultaneous exposure.

This study assessed differences of water balance by season for a group of Japanese college male artistic gymnasts during training. The seasonal differences in water balance were evaluated using ANCOVA with energy expenditure as the covariate. After adjusting for the influence of energy expenditure, the amount of sweating, sweating rate, amount of water intake, and water intake rate varied significantly by season, with the highest values recognized in summer, followed by spring and then winter. Rehydration rate was recorded as 23% for spring, 35% for summer, and 5% for winter. Although the results of specific team of artistic gymnastics, these results suggest that water intake is essential before, during and after training in any season.

Previous studies have shown that no visual field bias was observed in short-term memory of photographs depicting facial parts. However, bias has been known to be present in recognition of many other types of visual objects. In this study, simplified illustrations of facial parts were employed to determine whether such bias remains absent despite the complexity of facial parts properties. The results of this research demonstrated this irrelevancy. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the participants could significantly detect illustrations eye faster than ear and nose.