1. The glossopharyngeal nerve response in the rat to taste and thermal stimulation of the posterior third of the tongue was recorded.
2. The nerve shows responses to 0.25-4 M NaCl, 0.5 M KCl and 0.02 M quinine hydrochloride, and very slight responses to 0.5 M sucrose and 0.01 NHCl but no response to water was obtained.
3. The response magnitude for NaCl increases linearly with the logarithm of the concentration up to 4 M.
4. The magnitude of response to 0.02 M quinine relative to that to 0.5 M NaCl is greater than that in the chorda tympani, and the relative magnitude of response for KCl is also greater than that in the chorda tympani.
5. The response to various taste stimuli has a latency of a few sec, the latency for 0.5 M NaCl being 2.5 sec, and shows a characteristic gradual time course.
6. The nerve responds well to both cooling and warming of the tongue, and it has been suggested that this nerve contains both cold and warm fibers.

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1. Cortical evoked potentials were recorded in man in response to percutaneous electric stimulation of the median nerve. In bipolar recording between the sensory area and the midfrontal region, evoked potentials are composed of several deflections.
2. The amplitude of the evoked potentials is not a simple function of the stimulus intensity, but a saturation phenomenon was observed. During voluntary movements of the fingers or the rubbing of the forearm, all components of the evoked potentials were inhibited. In a drowsy state, the early components were depressed and the later wave was abolished.
3. When lying on the side stimulated, the early components of the evoked potential were inhibited and the later wave was augmented. Thereby, subjects felt the stimulus to be a “widespread and stronger stimulus”. Similar changes of evoked potential and sensation were obtained when the stimuli were given at the top of expiration.
4. In contrast, stimulus was sensed to be a “localized and weaker stimulus” when the subject was lying on the opposite side or if the stimuli were given at the top of inspiration, in which case the early components of the evoked potentials were augmented and the later wave was depressed.
5. The time threshold for successive stimulation was lowest at the stimulus intensity of about the threshold of the motor responses.
6. Bipolar and monopolar recordings were compared and a discussion was made on the correlation between evoked potential and subjective sensation.
The authors wish to express their thanks to Dr. TAKAGI for his reading the manuscript and his criticism.

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1. The dog's kidney perfused with its own blood showed a good performance. of the autoregulation of the blood flow.
2. The autoregulation of the renal blood flow was liable to diminish and disappear spontaneously.
3. The autoregulation was abolished with the infusion of papaverine, theophylline, acetylcholine or norepinephrine.
4. Dipyridamol, infused into the renal artery, restored the autoregulation of the renal blood flow from the deprived state of the spontaneous failure, but not from that induced by drugs. Its significance was discussed in relation to, the adenine nucleotide metabolism of the renal blood vessels.
This work was supported by grants of Pharmacological Research Foundation, inc. and Ministry of Education (No.91043). The authors express thanks to Mrs. K. YOSHIO for typewriting this manuscript.

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The oxygenation velocities of the red cell and Hb were studied by means of the rapid flow method with 7 normal subjects. The So₂ was measured by taking the difference in transmitted light intensities at two wave lengths, so that the influence of the uneven scattering could be excluded fairly well.
The oxygenation velocities were mainly measured over the So₂ range from 70 to 100%, and they were expressed by the velocity factor. As to the velocity factor of Hb, Fs, the same result as shown in the preceding paper was confirmed in this study. That is, F_s was proportional to (100-So₂)^1.6. On the other hand, the velocity factor of the red cell, F_c, was clarified to be given by
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The deoxygenation velocities of Hb solution and the red cell suspension have been measured at 37°C by mixing the oxygenated Hb and red cells with an O₂ free solution.
The dissociation of O₂Hb in hemolysed solution occurred very fast and the half-time was within 5 msec. Moreover, it was clarified that the rate of change in SO₂ of Hb solution obeyed the following formula,
dS/dt=63.4 (S-S_m) ^1.6,
where S_m is the SO₂ corresponding to PO₂ of the surrounding medium.
In the red cell suspension, the reaction proceeded comparatively slowly and the half-times were ranged from 35 to 65 msec. The rate of SO₂ change was expressed by use of the velocity factor, F_c', as follows:
dS/dt=F_c'(P_c-P_m)/0.4×10^-2,
where P_c and P_m are the PO₂ in the red cell and the medium respectively. F_c' seemed to be fairly constant and it did not deviate out of the range of 0.02 to0.03 sec^-1 · EmmHg^-1.

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A mathematical analysis of the velocity factor of the oxygenation of the red cell has been performed in connection with the experimental data presented in the foregoing papers. The concise expression of the velocity factor, F_c, is expressed as follows:
F_c=F_s^1.26μ₁²αD/δ²F_s^1.21+μ₁²αD
where F_s^1.26 is the velocity factor of the chemical reaction in the red cell;δ, the thickness of the red cell; D, the diffusion coefficient;α, the O₂ solubility and μ₁, the eigen value.

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Employing rabbits with bipolar electrodes chronically implanted in several parts of the brain, the effects of some hypnotics, sedatives or tranquillizers upon paradoxical sleep were investigated through observations on the distribution of spontaneous PS episodes and through measurements of the induced PS threshold.
PS ceased to appear and the PS threshold was elevated by the administration of 80mg/kg body weight of bromvaleryl urea, 0.1g/kg body weight of ethinamate, 12mg/kg body weight of pentobarbital sodium or 2mg/mg body weight of morphine sulphate. On the other hand, after the administration of 40mg/kg body weight of 2-methyl-3-o-tolyl-quinazolone (MTQ), PS threshold fell while the EEG arousal threshold rose. After the administration of 1.5mg/kg body weight of chlorpromazine 6mg/kg body weight of amitriptyline or 120mg/kg body weight of meprobamate, no change was observed on the EEG arousal threshold but the PS threshold markedly raised its level.
After the administration of 2mg/kg body weight of chlordiazepoxide or 0.2 mg/kg body weight of diazepam, no effect was observed on the EEG arousal threshold while PS threshold decreased its level. The recruiting response to stimulation of the centre median nucleus of the thalamus recorded from the frontal cortex was enhanced after 0.1g/kg body weight of ethinamate and after 40mg/kg body weight of MTQ. On the other hand, 1.5mg/kg body weight of chlorpromazine and 3mg/kg body weight of chlordiazepoxide had almost no effect upon the response.
The effects of pentobarbital, MTQ, chlorpromazine and chlordiazepoxide upon EEG activity in the pontine reticular formation, which was assumed to be the PS generating center by JOUVET, were investigated and it was found that pentobarbital sodium markedly depressed its activity and chlorpromazine depressed it slightly, but MTQ and chlordiazepoxide produced no change. Therefore, it may be reasonable to assume that it is not by direct action on the pontine reticular formation that these two latter drugs have a facilitatingeffect on PS.
In conclusion it was elucidated that the PS generating system was independent of the diffuse activating system or the recruiting system. Furthermore it was suggested that these drugs which had an inhibitory effect in the tricarboxylic acid cycle simultaneously showed a blocking effect upon the PS appearance.

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Single motoneurons and axons in the spinal cord of the cat anesthetized with Nembutal, Ravonal and ether were stimulated directly by linearly increasing and steady state currents applied through a microelectrode. Factors were studied which concern to the excitability of the motoneurons in due consideration of the role of miniature potential changes.
1. Motoneurons were classified into two types according to the difference of the threshold-latency curve. In light anesthesia, however, almost all motoneurons was found to be the tonic type. This suggests that tonic and phasic classification could not apply to the motoneurons and to the muscles corresponding each other.
2. A great number of motoneurons showed drifting of threshold in a wide range without sizable changes in the membrane potential. The value of threshold current intensity distributed in an area that was enclosed by three lines, which designated the IS and the SD threshold current intensity, and the minimal gradient of the initial segment.
3. Evidence was given that spikes fired from the top of the spontaneous mini. EPSPs of 2 mV height superimposed upon the gentle slope of the currents and never fired in the absence of the miniature potentials even though the depolarization reached more than the rheobase.
4. A current simulated of miniature potentials which was superimposed on a linearly increasing current converted a phasic type motoneuron into a tonic type with approximately a half of the former threshold current.
5. The motoneuron that had not fired with simple stretch of the gastrocnemius nor with trapezoid currents, discharged by simultaneous application of the stretch and currents accompanying enhanced miniature potentials without sizable changes in the membrane potential.
6. In light anesthesia, the mini. EPSPs increased in size by accompanying the local responses and triggered the spikes, but not increased in deep anesthesia. The rebound from the mini. IPSPs also seemed to concern to this triggering action.
7. Administration of ether brought about a change in accommodation of motoneurons and disclosed minimal gradient requirement without changing the membrane potential, the spike height and the threshold current intensity for firing.
8. The miniature potentials enhanced strikingly by administration of succynil choline chloride were found to show the same action in triggering of the spikes as the miniature potentials produced by natural stimuli.
9. The rheobase of the motoneurons was of the order of 10^-9 A in light anesthesia and 10^-8 A in deep anesthesia. In such deep anesthesia, there was no change in the accommodation of the initial segment, but remarkable changes were observed in the accommodation of the soma. The recovery process from the anesthesia started in the order from the initial segment to the soma.
10. The axon in the spinal cord of cats showed the minimal current gradient requirement to linearly increasing currents, but the accommodation of the axon did not show a serious change in deep anesthesia, in spite of that the threshold current intensity to a rectangular current was increased from the order of 10^-9 A to 10^-8 A.

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By four different and independent techniques, i. e. alkali denaturation, variable solvent solubility test, starch gel electrophoresis and flat cuvette chromatography on Amberlite XE 64, the presence of five or six hemoglobin subcomponents was revealed in any one of individual albino rats.

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Relative existence ratios of the five hemoglobin subcomponents were determined by combined use of column chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques in five rats of a Sprague-Dawley strain.
1. The values for each subcomponent were not only constant in the same individuals with the lapse of five months, but also show little individual variation except one rat. The values were scarcely altered by artificial induction of severe anemic state.
2. In one rat the anodal third subcomponent was in a significantly depressed level as compared with those in other four rats.
3. All the five subcomponents were shown not to be the secondary products of aggregation or disaggregation from normal tetrameric hemoglobin molecule (s).
4. The above results suggest that the five subcomponents may represent five inherent molecular forms of hemoglobin.

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