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Volume 40, Issue 3
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[in Japanese]1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 250
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (60K) -
Toshimasa Morooka, Eiji Yuasa, Matsuru Kushida, You Morikawa1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 251-255
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAmorphous alloy powder of Ti-43at%Cu which is equivalent to eutectic composition was prepared by the mechanical alloying of the elemental titanium and copper powders by using a Spex Mixer/Mill model 8000. The crystallization reaction was observed by X-ray diffraction method and scanning electron microscopy. In the powder heated at 1123K, the results of electron microscopic observation showed that granular small particles were precipitated from the matrix. These particles grow with the increasing of heating period. It was presumed that these particles were CuTi2 from the results of X-ray diffraction patterns.View full abstractDownload PDF (1786K) -
Toshimasa Morooka, Eiji Yuasa, Osamu Matsumoto, Makoto Tsunoda1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 256-260
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMixtures of copper, titanium and boron powders with various contents were mechanically alloyed for 72ks by using a ball mill, and then isothermally heat-treated at the temperautre range of 673K to 1183K. For the discussion on the precipitation process in the mechanically alloyed powder, microstructural changes in the powder with the heat treatment were investigated by means of powder technique and smallangle scattering technique in the X-ray diffraction. In an early stage of the heat treatment at 673-873K, the mechanically alloyed powders form a modulated structure, i.e. existence of zone which have a well-defined interface between matrix and solute-enriched regions. Diameter of the zones formed in the powder heat-treated for 3.6 ks at these temperature range is about 6-7nm. After the heat treatment for a long time, titanium boride particles such as TiB2, Ti2B5 and Ti3B4 form in the mechanically alloyed particles. The formation of these intermetallic compounds is accelerated with the increasing of treating temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (1450K) -
Naoya Atsumi, Kouzou Yoshioka, Tohru Yamasaki, Yoshikiyo Ogino1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 261-264
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSElemental Ti, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo and Ta powders were milled in vibrational ball mill under nitrogen atmosphere. The absorption of nitrogen atoms by powders during milling was followed by measuring the pressure reduction in nitrogen atmosphere. It was found that all the powders absorbed about 50 at.% of nitrogen atoms during milling, resulting in the formation of nitrides having NaCl-type structure. The absorption rate of nitrogen increased with increase in the chemical affinity of the powder elements with nitrogen, i.e., it increased in the following order: Cr, Mo, Ta, Nb, Ti and Zr. The kinetics of nitriding of Ti and Nb powders by MA was analyzed by milling with several different frequencies of vibration, f. The absorption rate of nitrogen was approximately proportional to f3. This fact implies that the nitrogen absorption occurs at the instance of ball collision, and the quantity of nitrogen absorbed at one collision event is proportional to the mechanical energy supplied to the powder.View full abstractDownload PDF (239K) -
Tsuyoshi Itsukaichi, Keiichi Masuyama, Minoru Umemoto, Isao Okane1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 265-271
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe characterization and consolidation of mechanically alloyed AlxTi100-x (x=25, 50, 75at%) powders were carried out. The phase changes of the processed powders with milling time were studied using x-ray diffraction and DSC. The MA powders were subsequently sintered by hot press. The phase, microstructure, relative density and hardness of the sintered compacts were studied using SEM, TEM, x-ray diffraction and vickers hardness tester. The existence of Ti solid solution with an amorphous phase in the powder sample with x=25 was confirmed as a final alloying stage. For the samples with x=50 and 75, the single amorphous phase and the fcc phase via an amorphous phase respectively were observed. The optimum MA times for sintering with respect to the chemical homogeniety, relative density, and hardness of the sintered compacts were found to be>180ks (x=25), >720ks (x=50), and between 180 and 720ks (x=75).View full abstractDownload PDF (2546K) -
Yoshio R. Abe, William L. Johnson1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 272-277
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHigh temperature mechanical alloying enables us to synthesize nanocrystalline alloys with finer grain size than that achievable by mechanical alloying at room temperature. Due to encouraged solute segregation and dynamic movement of dislocations in high ambient temperature, the grain boundary reaches metastable chemical equilibrium with crystalline solid solution.View full abstractDownload PDF (339K) -
Hiroshi Kimura, Shinichi Kobayashi, Satoshi Sugawara, Eiichi Fukazawa1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 278-282
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to realize a high quality and effecient mass production of amorphous TiAI powder, we developed a rotating-arm reaction ball mill having a control system of water cooling, with which one can control a rate of solid state amorphization by the mechanical alloying(MA) of powder mixture, TiAI on the basis of kinetics. It is found that MA of TiAI shows one-stage amorphization with Johnson-Mehl-Avrami exponent of 2.5 at a higher plateau attrition temperature above 69°C, and two-stage amorphization with n1=1.5 and n2=3, 2.5 at a lower temperature region. When using a relatively lower water temperature of 5°C, we can obtain mechanically alloyed amorphous TiAl with a sharp crystallization peak and well-defined glass transition, and realize a reduction of milling time to less than 10 hours by decreasing water flow rate:i.e., increasing plateau temperature.View full abstractDownload PDF (310K) -
Eiji Ishikawa, Tamotsu Koyano, Toshiharu Fukunaga, Uichiro Mizutani1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 283-286
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCr-N amorphous powders have been produced through the solid-gas reaction subjected to mechanical alloying(MA) of pure Cr powders under N2 gas atomsphere and through the solid state reaction subjected to the MA of a mixture of Cr, Cr2N and CrN powders under Ar gas atomsphere. The atomic structure during amorphization process was observed by X-ray and neutron diffraction. An advantage of the neutron diffraction technique allows us to observe the local structure surrounding a N atom because of a large coherent scattering length of the N atom in comparison with that of the Cr atom. The coordination number of metal atoms around a N atom approaches with 5-5.5 atoms. This implies that the nitrogen atom is located at both of centers of the tetrahedron, octahedron and/or trigonal prism formed by metal atoms to stabilize the amorphous structure.View full abstractDownload PDF (236K) -
Akihiko Saguchi, Chung Hyo Lee, Toshiharu Fukunaga, Uichiro Mizutani1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 287-290
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMechanical alloying(MA) of ternary Cu30Ta70-xMox powders was carried out under Ar gas atmosphere. The Cu-Ta and Cu-Mo pairs in the ternary Cu-Ta-Mo system are characterized by a positive heat of mixing, while the heat of mixing of the Ta-Mo pair is negative. The X-ray diffraction, DSC and TEM measurements were used for the study of as-milled and annealed powders. The b. c. c. extended solid solution could be produced by MA of Cu30Ta35Mo35 powders. After heat treatment at 600°C, the Ta-Mo solid solution formed with exclution of the whole copper, the fact of which may be attributable to the affinity of Cu-Ta and Cu-Mo pairs. The amorphization of the Cu30Ta60Mo10 powders was observed after 200 hours of milling, when the content of the tantalum increased. The DSC measurement suggests that the amorphization proceeds through the same process observed in MA of the Cu30Ta70 powders.View full abstractDownload PDF (1305K) -
Toshio Nasu, Ann M. Edwards, Dale E. Sayers, Yoonsung Cho, Carl C. Koc ...1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 291-294
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: December 04, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe structural changes in Nb-Sn mixed powders during solid state amorphization were observed by XAFS. Mechanical alloying of Nb-Sn mixed powders leads to the formation of A15 Nb3Sn which then transform to an amorphous phase. The short range order of the amorphous Nb3Sn alloy is analogous to the short range order of the A15 structure.View full abstractDownload PDF (228K) -
Chung Hyo Lee, Eiji Ishikawa, Toshiharu Fukunaga, Uichiro Mizutani1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 295-298
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo mixtures of elemental powders Ni30Ta70 and Cu30Ta70 with a negative and positive heat of mixing, respectively, were subjected to mechanical alloying(MA) and the resulting structural changes have been studied by X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and DSC measurements. We found that the amorphization occurs by MA in both samples, in particular, despite the fact that the atomic pair of Cu and Ta is characterized by a positive heat of mixing. The coordination numbers and atomic distances of the Ni-Ni(Cu-Cu), Ni(Cu)-Ta and Ta-Ta pair correlations for the amorphous Ni30Ta70 and Cu30Ta70 phases was deduced by assuming the first nearest neighbors of the total pair distribution function g(r) to consist of the three partial ones, respectively. We concluded that the short range structure is fairly similar in both amorphous phases.View full abstractDownload PDF (215K) -
Munetake Satoh, Takahiko Yamashita, Kei Miyanami, Kenji Higashi, Shinj ...1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 299-302
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA dry powder coating method has been applied to develop high-performance contact-material for the electrical industry. Using a high-speed/high-shear type of mill, the dispersion and compounding process of particulate Ag and nano-scale Ni powder were investigated. The transformation of the particles throughout the process were indicated by the torque and temperature curve during the treatment in the mill. The optimum conditions for both dispersion of fines into the matrix and sintering process were discussed based on the physical properties of bulk powders and sintered composite.View full abstractDownload PDF (2128K) -
Kyu-Jin Kim, Kenji Sumiyama, Hideya Onodera, Kenji Suzuki1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 303-306
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe have studied the structure and magnetic properties of mechanically grinded γ-Fe4N iron nitride powder. During mechanical grinding (MG), γ-Fe4N iron nitride initially changes to a bcc structure where the phase transformation is not completed. After 100h of MG, an amorphous-like phase is partially formed. Saturation magnetization (σ) and coercive force (Hc) improve due to the structure change of γ-Fe4N and worsen with further MG. In the milled alloy of 300 h, α-Fe, γ-Fe4N and α"-Fe16N2 phases appear after annealing at 673K, leading to the increase of saturation magnetization. However, after annealing above 873K, only α-Fe is retained owing to the vaporization of nitrogen atoms from Fe matrix.View full abstractDownload PDF (1168K) -
Tsunehiro Takeuchi, Kantaro Kaneko, Yuh Yamada, Toshiharu Fukunaga, Ui ...1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 307-310
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe formation of quasicrystals and related approximant crystalline phases is studied in the Mg-Al-Zn alloy system by applying mechanical alloying technique. This technique is advantageous over the conventional melt-spinning because of the ease in sample preparation involving only the solid-state reaction. The quasicrystal is formed over a wide composition range. Those formed along the Bergman line corresponding to Mg39.5(All-xZnx)60.5 are found to be metastable and to transform into stable (1/1-1/1-1/1) Frank-Kasper phase by evolving the exothermic peak in the DSC run. Its stability is found to increase with decreasing Al content. On the other hand, those formed in the Mg-rich and 12-15 at.%Al region off the Bergman line are found to transform into the (2/1-2/1-2/1) approximant phase at temperatures exceeding 400°C, which accompanies the endothermic peak in the DSC run. The peritectic reaction is suggested to be involved. The most stable quasicrystal obtained in this experiment is Mg47.5Al15.0Zn37.5View full abstractDownload PDF (234K) -
Toshimasa Morooka, Eiji Yuasa, Akira Ishii1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 311-314
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: December 04, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe influence of extrusion on crystallization of amorphous was investigated on amorphous Ti-43at%Cu powder prepared by mechanical alloying. The crystallization behavior is observed by X-ray diffraction method and differential thermo analysis. The crystallization is accelerated with increasing of the extruding pressure at the temperature close to the crystallization starting point.
However. at the temperature lower than the crystallization starting point.the influence of extrusion is not clear.View full abstractDownload PDF (216K) -
Yuuji Kimura, Masatomo Kamada, Setsuo Takaki1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 315-319
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMechanical alloying process of the mixture of ferritic(δ) and austenitic(γ) stainless steel powders has been investigated by means of X-ray diffraction and EPMA line analysis. The chemical compositions of δ and γ powders used is Fe-27mass%Cr-7mass%Ni and Fe-20mass%Cr-12mass%Ni, respectively, which are equilibrium compositions of δ and γ phase at 1473K.
The γ phase in the premixed (δ+γ) powders changes to bcc phase with ballmilling treatment and this phase change is promoted by increasing the volume fraction of δ powder. The structure of γ -70vol%δ premixed powder is of full bcc single phase after 360ks ball-milling treatment.
However, EPMA line analysis in premixed (δ+γ) powders with 360ks ball-milling treatment shows the inhomogeneity of the chemical composition of Cr and Ni, while the structure is of bcc single phase. The inhomogeneity of chemical composition is deeply related to the phase transformation of γ. The structural change to bcc phase is mainly due to the deformation induced transformation of γ to bcc martensite and partially due to the mechanical alloying at the interface between δ and γ phase.View full abstractDownload PDF (4105K) -
Nobushige Hiraishi, Kazutaka Asabe1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 320-323
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: December 04, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is well known that Ni3Si intermetallic compounds have an excellent corrosion resistance in H2SO4 solution. However, practical production has been difficult because of poor ductility caused by very brittle phase which is liable to be formed. Therefore, the process conditions involving a mechanical alloying(MA) technique were investigated in order to obtain final products composed of Ni3Si stoichiometric single phase compo-und by suppressing the formation of brittle phase. In this paper, fine Ni-Si composite powders which have been prepared by the MA method were hot extruded, thereafter β phase - Ni3Si consolidates were obtained by a specific heat treatment. The influence of compositions, MA conditions and heat treatment conditions for obtaining the β single phase - Ni3Si intermetallic compounds were investigated. It was confirmed that consolidates of Ni3Si intermetallic compounds with almost single phase(β phase) can be obtained under the following conditions: composition of 13.1 mass%Si and 86.9 mass%Ni, MA(B/P=16) for 346ks, extrusion at 1223K and heat treatment at 1223K for 18ks.View full abstractDownload PDF (4786K) -
Tohru Yamasaki, Yoshikiyo Ogino, Wenfei Wang, Kiyoto Fukuoka, Toshiyuk ...1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 324-327
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFe100-xTix (X= 25, 50, 75 at.%) powder mixtures were milled in vibrational ball mill under N2 atmosphere, and the milled powders were dynamically compacted by using a propellant gun. It was found that Fe-Ti milled powders were consisted of α-iron and TiN phases. These powders had nanostructures with grain sizes of about 4-7 nm in diameter. By dynamically compacting the Fe50(TiN)50 powder at the shock pressures of 38.6 GPa and above, a nanocomposite material having an extremely high hardness (Hv-1300) was obtained. When the material was annealed at 1073 K for 5 h, the grain growth occurred to about 20 nm for α-iron phase, and the hardness was increased to a maximum value (Hv-1600). With increasing annealing temperature above 1173 K, the grain growth occurred and the hardness drastically decreased.View full abstractDownload PDF (1586K) -
Keizo Kobayashi, Kenji Miwa, Takeshi Takayanagi1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 328-331
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMechanical alloying for Ti-Al-Cr mixture of elemental powders was performed by a vibrational ball mill in Ar atmosphere under reduced pressure. The effect of Cr addition for mechanical alloying process was studied by X-ray diffraction and SEM. The microstructure of mechanical alloyed Ti-Al-Cr alloy after sintering was studied by optical microscope and EPMA.
An addition of Cr made particle size of mechanical alloyed powder fine and sintering easy. Mechanical alloyed Ti-Al-Cr alloy containing 4-6 mass% Cr-had needle-like crystals of Ti3Al after sintering at 1673K for 1.2ks.View full abstractDownload PDF (4075K) -
Hiroshi Nagai, Sumio Iida, Itoshi Maeda, Shigeru Katsuyama, Kazuhiko M ...1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 332-336
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffect of mechanical grinding (M.G.) process on preparing β-FeSi2 for thermoelectric generator by useing hot presssing (H.P.) was investigated by X-ray diffraction, EPMA and SEM.
Mixture of Fe and SI powders was arc-melted in an argon atmosphere to form a button composed of α-Fe2Si5, and ε-FeSi phases. The button was grinded in a conventional ball-mill for 20-650hr. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the peaks of ε and α-phases disappeared after 250 and 650hr, respectively. The ball-milled powders were hot pressed at 1110°C for 30min under 25MPa and heat treated at 840°C for 10hr and 20hr. The heat treated samples were composed of mostly β-phase with small amount of ε-phase and their relative densities were more than 99%. The amount and size of the ε-phase decreased with increasing ball milling time. The result showed that mechanical grinding strongly accelerated the formation of β-phase. Almost the same results were obtained oil hot pressing at 900°C for 30min without heat treatment.View full abstractDownload PDF (1347K) -
Kenji Higashi, Takaya Okada, Toshiji Mukai, Shinji Tanimura1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 337-340
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHigh strain-rate superplasticity was obtained in the mechanically alloyed aluminum IN905XL alloy. Introducing a threshold stress into the rate equation, the true values of n and Q established. It is postulated that superplastic flow in the IN905XL alloy is controlled by a grain boundary sliding mechanism accommodated by dislocation climb or glide controlled by grain boundary diffusion.View full abstractDownload PDF (245K) -
Kei Ameyama, Osamu Okada, Masaharu Tokizane, Kiyotomo Nakata, Akimichi ...1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 341-344
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe structure of a mechanically alloyed Ti-45at%Al powder and its decomposition behavior during sintering have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM). By the XRD experiments, the powder after 200 hr mechanical alloying is shown to be consisted of two phases, Ti3A1 and TiAI. The volume fraction of Ti3Al is estimated to be larger than that of TiAI, while for the sintered compact of the powder this tendency was reversed. The mechanically alloyed powder is composed of strain free fine grains (grain size ranging from 10 to 20 nm in diameter). The average composition of the grains are approximately Ti-45at%Al. Therefore, the powder may be assumed to be composed mainly of Al supersaturated Ti3Al. The results of XRD and analytical TEM experiments suggest that the decomposition of the supersaturated Ti3AI to equilibrium Ti3Al and TiAI took place during sintering.View full abstractDownload PDF (2732K) -
Akihisa Inoue1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 347-354
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA two-stage quenching technique consisting of impact flattening of atomized supercooled liquid droplets caused the production of flaky amorphous powders with a thickness of 1 to 3 pm and an aspect ratio of 20 to 300 in Co-, Fe- and Al-based systems. The flaky powders consist of an amorphous phase over the entire particle size range even in the alloy systems where no amorphous phase is formed in the particle size below 25 μm by high-pressure gas atomization. The improvement of the production ratio of the amorphous powders is due to the following three factors; (1) the second-stage cooling of supercooled liquid droplets, (2) the reduction of powder thickness to 1 to 3 Jim, and (3) the high thermal conductive state between rotator and powder resulting from the high-energy collision. The flaky powders also have smooth surface and edge combined with a uniform thickness, leading to good luster, high reflection ratio against light, high corrosion resistance, high mechanical strength and anisotropic magnetic properties. Furthermore, the unique morphology causes a high laminating tendnency in a resin. By utilizing these advantages, the flaky amorphous powders are expected to be used as magnetic filler and corrosion-resistant coating materials.View full abstractDownload PDF (3685K) -
Yoshiaki Fukushima, Xianping Meng, Kazumichi Yanagisawa, Nakamichi Yam ...1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 355-358
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHydrothermal hot-pressing method was applied for sintering fibrous clay mineral; sepiolite. Densification process was analyzed by shrinkage measurements during the treatments. Hot-pressed samples were studied by XRD, BET surface area, pore size distribution, and compressive strength measurements. The densification was proceeded by two steps; rearrangement of sepiolite fibers, followed by transforming to smectite at surface. Although specific surface area was not decreased significantly, pore size distribution was remarkably changed. The sample was elastically compressed with 990 MPa of elastic modulus, and 15% of elastic deformation. It was concluded that the hydrothermal hot-pressed sepiolite was useful not only for adsorbents but also for a new inorganic elastomer.View full abstractDownload PDF (235K) -
Yutaka Imaida, Mitsuteru Takagawa, Tsuyoshi Kirimura, Ken Hirota, Osam ...1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 359-362
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSendust metal ( Fe -9.56wt%Si -5.47wt%Al ) powders have been isostatically hot pressed and the mechanical properties of sintered bodies with various porosities examined at room temperature. Vickers hardness decreases linearly with increasing porosity. The porosity dependence of bending and compressive strengths is expressed by the equation σ=σ0exp(-np); σ0=540 MPa for the former and σ0=2800 MPa for the latter are determined, respectively, whereas the same value of n=0.22 is estimated from both strength-porosity data. Young's modulus is 300 GPa for sintered bodies with nearly theoretical density.View full abstractDownload PDF (2274K) -
Hideyuki Masaki, Naoyoshi Watanabe, Shigetaka Wada1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 363-367
Published: March 15, 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSi3N4 raw powder (ESP) with sintering additives was milled using Si3N4 mill and balls. The milling was carried out at rotation speeds of 64, 83, 110 and 150rpm for 48, 72 and 96h under the same condition of the volume ratios of balls, powder and liquid to the mill.
The specific surface area of the milled powders and the bulk density of the bodies sintered are in proportion to the accumulated rotation number. However, relationships between the viscosity of the slurry, the average diameter of the powders, the bending strength of the bodies sintered and the accumulated rotation number at 64-110rpm did not show the same trend as those at 150rpm.View full abstractDownload PDF (3988K) -
1993 Volume 40 Issue 3 Pages 368
Published: 1993
Released on J-STAGE: May 22, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (21K)
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