1. The amount of toxopyrimidine needed for the occurrence of convulsion, followed by death of the dogs after injection into cisterna magna was 6.67mg/kg.
2. Both γ-aminobutyric and γ-amino-β-hydroxybutyric acids have no significant preventive effect on the convulsion induced by toxopyrimidine injection.
3. The amount of isonicotinic hydrazide needed for the occurrence of convulsion followed by death of dogs by intracisternal injection was 6.5mg/kg.
4. Both γ-aminobutyric and γ-amino-β-hydroxybutyric acids have no preventive effect on the convulsion induced by isonicotinic hydrazide. However, there seems to be some differences in the survival rate between the groups injected and the control.
5. Pyridoxine has a preventive effect against the convulsion of dogs induced by an intracisternal injection of toxopyrimidine or isonicotinic hydrazide, whereas γ-amino-butyric and γ-amino-β-hydroxybutyric acids have little, if any, convulsion-preventing action as compared to pyridoxine. They can therefore hardly be said to be central convulsion-preventive substances.

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When vitamin A alcohol is dissolved in petroleum ether, lead dioxide is added, and the whole is shaken at 26°, retinene is produced only in 5 minutes. The yield was about 65% of the vitamin employed. When retinene is dissolved in ether and reduced with lithium aluminum hydride, vitamin A is produced with the yield approximately 40% of the retinene used.

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Anhydrovitamin A was produced when vitamin A acetate in acetone solution was irradiated by ultraviolet light. It was identified by chromatographic behavior, by ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectra, and by color reaction with antimony trichloride, comparing, with the anhvdrovitamin A chemically synthesized from vitamin A alcohol.

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The growth inhibition of the seedlings of the wheat and pea induced by sulfonamides was observed morphologically and cytologically. The inhibition was noted when the seeds after soaking in 10^-2 M sulfanilamide or 10^-3 M 5-methyl-3-sulfanilamide isoxazole (MS) at 25° for about 20 hours were allowed to germinate at 20°. This inhibition was overcome by treatment, 2 days after sowing, with synthetic 10^-4 M folic acid analogues, and N¹⁰-f-folic acid and CF were found to be specifically effective to reverse it.
The biosynthesis of the P. cerevisiae-active substances in the pea seedlings treated with and without a sulfonamide derivative (MS) during the germinating process was followed by microbiological assay with P. cerevisiae. It was found that formation of the substances in the MS-inhibited seedlings was very low, while in the normal seedlings a steady increase was seen with growth which was most rapid in the first 2 days after sowing.
By bioautographic investigation it was shown that the bulk of the P. cerevisiae-active substances in pea seedlings are N⁵, N¹⁰-anhydroformyl tetrahydrofolic acid and N¹⁰-formyl-tetrahydrofolic acid, as has been shown to be the case in mature green leaves.
The significance of the reversal of the “folic acid-deficiency” in higher plants by synthetic folic acid analogues has been discussed.

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For determination of thiothiamine in natural foodstuffs two chemical methods other than benzoyl peroxide method which had hitherto been used, have been described. One is an oxidation method by BrCN in an acidic medium and the other a microbiological method using L. fermenti, following conversion of thiothiamine into thiamine by sulfite. Applying these methods, thiothiamine contents in various vegetables were determined. Thiothiamine was detected in onions, Welsh onions, scallions, garlics, cabbages, sprouting cabbages by benzoyl peroxide method. In onions, thiothiamine was determined by benzoyl peroxide, BrCN and microbiological methods with the results agreeing fairly well one another. In scallions, thiothiamine was detected also microbiologically. However, the values were lower than those determined by benzoyl peroxide method, whereas in cabbages thiothiamine was not detected microbiologically. After converting thiothiamine into thiamine by H₂O₂ treatment, thiothiamine could be detected also in cabbages, but the recovery was poor, possibly due to the decomposition of thiamine by H₂O₂. The existence of thiothiamine in natural foodstuffs needs further investigations.

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The existence of thiothiamine in natural foodstuffs has been demonstrated in onion extract after adsorption on acid clay, fractional separation from filter paper pulp and paper chromatography. The extracts of onions and cabbages were treated with BrCN in an acidic medium, whereby thiothiamine was converted into thiochrome, which was extracted and identified by spectrophotometry and paper chromatography.

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For the purpose of investigating whether or not Co⁶⁰-B₁₂ absorption tests are successfully applicable to Japanese subjects, the intestinal absorption of orally administered Co⁶⁰-B₁₂ was studied for the first time on the Japanese patients suffering from hematologic disorders including Addisonian pernicious anemia as well as the normals. At the same time, in view of the fact that pernicious anemia is rare in Japan, an attempt was made to study the difference in B₁₂ metabolism between the Japanese and the European or the American pernicious anemia patients. As the methods for measuring intestinal absorption of B₁₂, fecal or urinary excretion tests and hepatic uptake method were used in this study. Prior to this study, some fundamental investigations were made on these methods. The results obtained are as follows:
1. In Japanese normals, fecal excretion was 29.0±9.0% of the radioactivity of the oral Co⁶⁰-B₁₂ on the average, urinary excretion 17.4±6.8%, and hepatic uptake 8.74±2.93%, showing a good agreement with those in the foreign normals.
2. The measurement of hepatic uptake presented the evidence that absorbed B₁₂ was preferentially taken up by the liver in the Japanese as well. It was also found that 0.2 or 0.5μg of Co⁶⁰-B₁₂ should be given as a test dose in urinary excretion test, since percentage urinary radioactivity was significantly decreased when the oral dose was raised above 1.0μg.
3. In hematologic disorders such as leukemia, aplastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, hemolytic anemia, lupus erythematosus, or anemia due to the lodging of tape worm, there could be observed no significant defect in B₁₂ absorption.
4. However, in three cases of pernicious anemia in relapse or in remission, B₁₂ absorption was exceedingly abolished without exception, unless hog intrinsic factor concentrate was added. This fact indicates that the pathogenesis of pernicious anemia of the Japanese patients was quite identical with the patients of other countries.
5. In addition, a diagnostic availability of B₁₂ absorption tests for the differentiation of pernicious anemia from other resembling megaloblastic anemias was also referred to.
Thus, the author was led to the general conclusion that B₁₂ absorption test was also well applicable to Japanese subjects and that the mechanism of pernicious anemia was identical with each other, irrespective of the patients' nationality, no matter how low the incidence of pernicious anemia may be.

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The intestinal absorption of orally administered Co⁶⁰-B₁₂ was studied in Japanese subjects having undergone gastrectomy by means of either fecal or urinary excretion test or hepatic uptake method. At the same time, in conformity of the reports that D-sorbitol is able to enhance B₁₂ absorption in normal persons, the effect of the agent was investigated in gastrectomized subjects. Results obtained are as follows:
1. In extensive gastric resection such as total or subtotal gastrectomy, a strikingly defective B₁₂ absorption was observed in all the cases tested by either method. The defect in B₁₂ absorption was corrected by the addition of hog intrinsic factor, indicating that the lack of intrinsic factor is responsible for the defect. In partial gastrectomy, however, B₁₂ absorption was found to be normal in all the cases but one. Thus the author was led to a conclusion that the more extensive the gastric resection, the more defective the B₁₂ absorption in general.
2. As regards the enhancing effect of D-sorbitol, it was noted that the addition of the agent did correct the defective B₁₂ absorption in subtotal gastrectomy, but did not in total gastrectomy. So it was concluded (a) that D-sorbitol had no intrinsic factor activity itself and (b) that the agent could enhance B₁₂ absorption only when the resected stomach preserved the function of intrinsic factor secretion, no matter how little it may be.
3. Of interest was the B₁₂ absorption in a case of subtotal gastrectomy; neither hog intrinsic factor nor D-sorbitol was effective for the enhancement of the B₁₂ absorption, whereas tetracycline administration resulted in a marked improvement of the defective B₁₂ absorption. Thus the defective absorption was demonstrated to be due solely to abnormal bacterial population in the intestine rather than to the lack of intrinsic factor.
4. In addition, some brief comments were made on the relation between B₁₂ absorption and megaloblastic anemia following gastrectomy.

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1. Sonication, deoxycholate treatment, freezing and thawing and mechanical grinding techniques were tried to solubilize the glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) from mitochondria and the enzymes having the same activities were obtained.
2. Glutamic-pyruvic transaminases in soluble fraction and mitochondria (GPTS and GPTM) were eluted with 0.02M phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, and 0.06M phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, respectively, in calcium phosphate gel column chromatography by stepwise and gradient eluting systems. In zone electrophoresis, they moved to the cathode and could not be separated from each other. These enzymes also have quite different optimal pH values.
3. Michaelis constants of GPT and their elementary reactions were determined and found to be almost equal in both crude and purified GPTS and GPTM reactions.

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The glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminases in mitochondria and soluble fraction of pig liver have been separated and purified. They were shown to be different enzymes, having different heat stability, different behaviors in column chromatography and in electrophoresis, different optimal pH and different K_m values.

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