Households in Japan need to save electric power to accomplish the goal of reducing GHG emission and cope with the current shortage of power supply. The existing condominiums, with households more than 5 million (10% of all the households), have problems in maintenance and especially in energy saving compared with newly constructed houses.
 The author sent questionnaires to executives of condominium unions to determine the obstacles against promotion of Eco-renovation which is expected to prolong life of buildings, prevent condensation, and have synergy effects of insulation and power saving.
 The results indicate that differences appeared between the ages and scales of the buildings, and the sources of information available to the executives of the condominium unions. Based on the results, the author proposes practical solutions to promotion of Eco-Renovation for condominiums according to their age and scale.

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 As today's society is developing toward one in which many people are awake throughout the night, the importance of Candle Night is growing. In this study, we used a psychometric approach to attempt to quantify a psychological evaluation for placing pattern candles on Candle Night.
 We presented subjects with 18 arrangement patterns that were created from six designs combined with three candle densities: close, medium and distant. The subjects were asked to select one pattern. We used the SD method, image profile analysis and factor analysis for the psychological evaluation of the 129 subjects selecting these patterns.
 The results enabled clarifying the psychological evaluation of response to the six different designs. In addition, the difference in density between the candles and the impression of design change they present to people was displayed.

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 Many Asian countries are now faced with the challenge to control both the deterioration of air quality and the increase of CO₂ emission under the rapid industrialization and urbanization. Recently, an increasing attention is paid on the "co-benefit" policy approach that aims to achieve simultaneous solution to different issues by recognizing their links and synergies. However, not many studies have discussed the policy process that brings co-benefit effect through retrospective analysis at city scale. In this study, we conducted historical analysis of the air pollution in Kawasaki City to examine the co-benefit effect of the air pollution control measures. The study found that the industrial electricity intensity largely fell during 1970s and 1980s, and there was a statistically significant contribution of the pollution policy. It was suggested that the pollution prevention agreement signed between the city government and the factories, as well as the introduction of City Ordinance based on precautionary principles were linked with the creation of co-benefit.

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 In this study, we examined the possibility of the bioethanol production using fallow land. Also, we estimated suitable numbers of bioethanol plants, construction sites of bioethanol plants, transportation routes of energy crops orienting greenhouse gas emissions minimization in Fukushima prefecture. The result shows that energy crops can be grown in the fallow land and the ethanol of about 540,000 kL can be produced in Japan. Mmulti-yield rice and sweet sorghum are grown in the fallow land and the ethanol of about 35,000 kL can be produced in Fukushima Prefecture, and it can reduce about 32,000t-CO₂eq.The greenhouse gas emissions reduction effect of ethanol production from the sweet sorghum was high than the multi-yield rice.

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 In this paper, we propose a calculation method of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions due to (1) depreciation, maintenance, and storage of construction equipment, and (2) depreciation of construction material plant.
 (1) CO₂ emissions due to depreciation, maintenance, and storage of construction equipment Previous studies have confined their scope on depreciation. The proposed method expands the scope. The new scope includes maintenance and storage of construction equipment as well as depreciation. This expansion makes calculation of CO₂ emissions more comprehensive and coherent. The scope agrees with the definition of "operating loss prevention cost" in cost estimation. We introduced a CO₂ emissions coefficient per unit operation day and unit equipment mass.
 (2) CO₂ emissions due to depreciation of construction material plant We focused on "capital depreciation" sector in input-output table. By using a large input-output table including capital depreciation sector, the CO₂ emissions corresponding to capital depreciations were added on those of construction materials.
 Some case studies showed that (1) and (2) are important to calculate the whole CO₂ emissions related to construction activities and to compare the CO₂ emissions of different construction techniques. The introduced CO₂ emissions coefficient is valid for major construction machines, while it has considerable error for the some other machine types. We analyzed the causes.

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