This paper addresses an easy-to-handle technique to visualize the risk of the hot environment in outdoor surroundings. The authors surveyed the use of the public spaces and nearby greenways. Then we modeled the hot environment by estimating wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) based on a computer graphics (CG) technique. We focus on the global illumination (GI) technique, which performs the computation of the energy transfer between object surfaces to simulate the light behaviors of multi-reflection, penetration and their multi-path combinations to render photo-realistic imageries. Then we expected that the correlation between WBGT and the visible light environment which can be simulated by the GI-based CG. Also, we acquire a relationship between intensities between solar radiation and the observed pixels in an image captured by a camera. This correlation allows us to use computer-generated realistic pixel values for estimating solar radiation in the CG scene, and thus WBGT can be calculated by additional information of dry and wet bulb temperatures, without specific devices to measure WBGT. This paper also shows the applicability of the proposed method by 3D modeling of the actual public green way at Settsu-city in Osaka Pref. By using this measurement-based model and actual geodetic coordinates, WBGT distribution on an arbitrary date and time can be visualized in the 3D scene. This method has the advantage to predict planting effects on mitigating hot environment from the planning stages as well as the visualizing the risk of existing hot environment one time to another.

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 In Osaka Municipal Nagai Park, we investigated the relation between user's green selection behavior and thermal environment in summer heat environment. As a result, it was found that under the hot environment where WBGT exceeds 27.5 °C, the proportion of pedestrians who select greenshade bushes increases by 2.2 - 2.4% when WBGT rises by 1.0 °C. Regarding the runner, the proportion of choosing the sidewalk shade increased by 4.5 - 5.5% when WBGT rose by 1.0 °C., and conversely the proportion of choosing the roadway shade decreased. Also, people who do not usually use the park tend to select shade at a higher rate than people who use the park everyday. With WBGT exceeding 30.0 °C, over 90% of people were selecting the shade despite being detouring against the destination. When providing services to people who do not do much outdoor activities, it is necessary to provide more shade space.

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 Seepage control performance of management type sea disposal facility is regulated based on the knowledge from analyses for land disposal site. For that reason, we set up study cases considering characteristics of disposal site in the sea area and characteristics of input waste, and analyzed the risk to human health etc., which substances in sea disposal facilities will outflow. As a result, in this study range, we showed that there is a possibility that a considerable safety against human health etc. is secured even if the permeability coefficient of seepage control works is relaxed. However, because mechanism of risk varies from facility to facility and more realistic studies are necessary, further studies are necessary. And, those show that it is more reasonable to design seepage control performance of sea disposal facility by evaluating risks for each site.

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 This study conducted a case study for Shimukappu village, where the waste management system depends on only landfilling after abolition of the incineration facility. The first objectives of this study was to investigate composition of the landfilled waste and to propose short - term strategies for landfill waste reduction. The second one was to evaluate scenarios other than landfilling scenario from a long-term standpoint. The third one was consideration of a case where a large amount of waste generation from resort area was eliminated. As a result, thorough source separation of recyclables as well as measures against bulky waste should be conducted for life extension of the existing landfill site. From a long-term stand point, intermediate treatment processes, such as incineration or production of refuse derived fuel (RDF), will need smaller costs than only landfilling. But, comparinsom of costs only after introduction of intermediate treatment prolesses from 2031 fiscal year showed that improvement of source separation would be less expensive even if landfilling scenario was continued. In addition, elimination of waste collection and treatment from the resort area can reduce costs by about 50%.

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 In a recycling society, reduction of waste generation and promotion of recycling are required. Many municipalities introduce source separation and charging for gabage bags at the same time. Therefore, it is difficult to grasp the effect of only source separation or only charging on municipal solid waste treatment system. This study focused Tsuchiura City, Iabaraki prefecture that started source separation of food waste and container plastics in April 2015 and has a plan of charge for waste collection in October, 2018. Using actual data before and after the introduction of source separation, the effect of the source separation on the mucnicipal waste treatment system was clarified. Furthermore, a future effect of renewal of incineration facility and landfill site were considedered. As a result, the amount of household waste generation per person deresed because of the introduction of source separtion and the amount of landfilled waste also dereased. In future, considering the renwal of incineration facility and landfill site, although the cumulative costs will increase in case of introduction of source separation, the other criteria will be improved, such the net energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and the amount of landfilled waste.

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 This study analyzes and comprehends the energy efficiency gap, which negatively influences the energy saving policy, captureing the impact of a replacement into the new refrigerator on its electricity consumption in a household. Although the previous literature well explained its mechanism, opinions are divergent on its magnitude. Therefore, I analyze the impact of the replacement using household-level data and consider the magnitude from the results. The results show that the replacement's effect is the approxi-mately 60% saving on refrigerator's electricity consumption. We can regard the saving as the average value of the electricity saving to replace about 14-year-old energy-saving technology from 2014 into the available technology in 2014. Moreover, the implicit discount rate from the analysis is larger than an interest rate in the market but smaller than the rates which were showed by the previous literature. The magnitude from the replacement should not be ignored when the energy effi-ciency technology in refrigerators becomes improved.

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 In this study, the change of the material flow involved in Kitakyushu Eco-town and the factor of distance according to substance are analyzed along with the result of the material flow investigation over multiple years. Furthermore, this can be deleted the rate of reduction for natural resources, the rate of usage for energy and the rate of reduction for final disposal are also analyzed. The subjects of this research are 18 enterprises located in Kitakyushu Eco-town in 2005, 23 enterprises in 2010 and 21 enterprises in 2015. Based on material flow data grasped by questionnaire survey and interview survey, visualize network structure and analyze factors of change in CO₂ reduction amount and its acceptance substance and its change, reveal long term change in Kitakyushu Eco-town did. The results show that not only material flow and haul distance but also environmental indicators were changed by companies located in Eco-town.

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 Measures for energy saving and de-carbonization in industrial sector is of great importance to realize a low-carbon society. In Indonesia, promoting “Green Industry” is a critical policy carried out by national government which focuses on reducing energy consumption in industrial sector. However, the current difficulty in accurately measuring energy consumption and energy-saving effects in Indonesia becomes an unavoidable barrier during policy implementation. This study conducts a survey on real-time energy consumption of industries in Indonesia based on an innovative energy monitoring system with high resolution at each device through public and private collaboration. An energy consumption prediction model is developed for each industrial process using the auto-regression exogeneous modeling and markov switching modeling. Results indicate the feasibility of developing an energy consumption prediction model in Indonesia, and reveal a high consistency between measured value and predicted value. This will also help in system design for demand response due to the high-accuracy measuring and prediction.

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 A constant environmental flow requirement (EFR) is insufficient to protect river ecosystems supported by seasonal flow fluctuations. The objective of this research is to estimate global monthly environmental flow requirements using a fluvial plant biomass model to highlight the timing and magnitude of the maximum flow requirements. The average global EFR estimated by this model was 45% of mean annual discharge. In contrast, the maximum monthly EFR was 149% which was tripled to the average EFR. The maximum monthly EFR is larger in the area where the primary productivity as well as seasonal fluctuation of flow are large. For such regions, not only base flow but also maximum EFR should be considered. In order to validate this model, we compared the EFR calculated by three global models and 28 places in 17 countries. The verification indicated that our model has the highest accuracy among the compared global models.

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 In this study, the authors tried to identify the challenges and needs that local governments are facing in developing climate change adaptation strategies by applying text mining to the minutes of the workshop to promote co-design by collaboration among local governments' officials, scientists of climate models and impact assessment and scientists in local governments. The results demonstrate as follows; i) the local governments' officials have six challenges such as how to set goals, and how to utilize the results of long-term projections for examining short-term administrative plans. ii) The local governments' officials have four needs such as information easy to understand for citizens and the related departments' officials, and a scheme in which the updated results of projections are obtained continuously.

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 It is required to change personal behavior and social policy toward a sustainable society. This study aims to survey preferences on personal daily travel modes and social transport policy with the reasons, and analyzes correlation with personal attributions and morals. As a result, it is found that more than 40% are using passenger cars mainly as a daily travel mode, but public transport is chosen by more than 40% as a travel mode to be improved and access to public transport is chosen as a key factor to decide residential location. As for a policy they would promote as a mayor, public transport is supported by over 50% mainly because it is user friendly for everyone. These results imply that such survey makes it easier for government to introduce policy changes. It is also suggested that public transport policy is supported not only for eco-friendly or for potential availability, but also for morals indirectly such as legal conscience and self-conscience.

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 Earthquake resistance of the water pipe distribution network has been recently required for earthquake disaster risk reduction. In particular, from the perspective of disaster resilience, it is considered necessary to estimate damage cites of pipeline after earthquake for establishment of emergency restoration plan of water pipeline system. The objectives of this research is to construct a discretized damage estimation method using probability theory focusing on individual pipe. Specifically, each pipe was classified according to the pipe attribute, and a corresponding damaging function model was developed. Considering the problem of the variation rate of damage rate due to uncertain factors, a damage determination using Poisson distribution was established.

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 The underground pipelines which are indispensable infrastructure for our society, have aging problems (deterioration and water leakage). Furthermore, the diagnosis area are wide, and it is impossible to use countless sensors due to financial constraints. Therefore in this study, with the focus on the optimal allocation of leak sensors in a water-supply pipeline network, we propose a new model based on the “k-median problem”, and verify the effectiveness via indicator of standard deviation and maximum value of the farthest point. As a result, the new model (the neighborhood model that minimizes a sum of distance to the 1st to the n-th sensor; Type-C) has been proved to be capable of detecting water leakages effectively occurring on the network.

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 In this research, energy systems which can be designed in case where a sewage treatment plant (STP) and a municipal solid waste incineration plant (MSW-IP) locate adjacently were covered. I developed the heat balance models for evaluating the systems. In collaborative cases (case X and Y), dewatered sludge is dried by using biogas in a STP and dried sludge is incinerated with MSW in a MSW-IP. In case X, digestion tanks are heated by using extraction steam supplied by a MSW-IP. In addition, a MSW-IP receive cooling water from a STP to increase power generation amount by introducing a water-cooled type condenser under case Y. As compared with base case, the estimated amount of greenhouse gas emissions (t CO2 eq/year) was reduced by 51% in case X, and also by 54% in case Y.

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 For promotion of low carbonisation in the johkasou sector, this study disclosed the transition of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with technological development over more than 20 years from 1990, then discussed the policy-making for further GHG emissions reduction based on the results. In this study, GHG emissions from johkasous of 5 to 10 P.E between 1990 and 2013 have been researched to analyse the GHG emissions throughout johkasou's lifecycle. As a result, in comparison with 1990, the emissions from factory-made johkasous in 2013 were reduced by 35% per johkasou, which indicates that development of energy-saving blower and compact johkasous has been an effective means of low carbonisation. Moreover, it suggests that Japan's goal to reduce GHG emissions by 26% by 2030 (compared to 2013) in the johkasou sector is achievable by promoting johkasous with the currently highest performance, however further policies need to be made in order to achieve the long-term goal (80% reduction by 2050).

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 Anax nigrofasciatus nigrofasciatus is a common species of dragonflies that appear even on the urban waterside. This dragonfly is considered as the index species for developing of waterside biotopes. However, the life cycle such as eclosion period and frequency of visiting has not been well studied yet.
 For the purpose of utilizing the understanding about the life cycle of the dragonfly to the planning of future waterside biotope, we carried out the surveys on eclosion and frequency of visiting of Anax nigrofasciatus nigrofasciatus in the biotope of PENTA-OCEAN CNSTRUCTION Institute of Technology. The live camera is also utilized for the investigation of the frequency of visiting. As the result, it was possible to understand the eclosion population and visiting frequency of the dragonfly.

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 In this study, the purposes are to make clear the influence on the swimming behavior of Toriborodon hakonensis with gravel deposit in a pool-and-weir-fishway. Therefore, the experiments were done. The experiments carried out the hydraulic experiments and observed the movement of real fish. Especially, the attentions are focus on the staying behavior of Toriborodon hakonensis. As the results, the flow showed the plunging flow in spite of the presence or absence of gravel deposit. However, the plunging flow area decreased to approximately 50 ~ 80% when gravel deposited. The flow formed the rotation of positive and negative, Toriborodon hakonensis were facing for upstream and downstream. Moreover, the staying time of Toriborodon hakonensis in the pool was increased and the run up ratio was decreased. Additionally, Toriborodon hakonensis stayed on the gravel whose velocity was 2BL (cm/s) and y was 10 ~ 15 (N/m²).

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 The value structure of cultural ecosystem services is elusive. Therefore it is necessary to enrich our “vocabulary” used for expression of the intrinsic value of ecosystem services. This paper aims to reveal the value of cultural ecosystem services which people living in Shizuoka prefecture gain from Mt. Fuji everyday using the elementary school songs. Through the visibility analysis of Mt. Fuji, the text mining analysis and interpretation of the lyrics of the school songs, we extracted 22 kinds of textual expression which are classified into the “cultural perceptions of landscapes”, “aesthetics”, “religious”, “spiritual” and “educational” categories of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. As a result, diversity of the intrinsic value of ecosystem services of Mt. Fuji was found.

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 To investigate the potential of rare species as a regional resource, this study examines how local residents approach the protection and utilization of rare species and evaluates such a relationship using statistical methods. The target rare species is the tiger beetle, and this study analyzes local residents' perception of its utilization as well as their recognition of its value. Data was collected via a postal questionnaire survey conducted in Ishikawa Prefecture in October 2016. Out of the total of 409 collected samples, 312 contained valid responses.
 The results clearly showed that the expectation of economic merit brought about by protection activities of the coast where tiger beetles live contributes to the increase in both willingness to pay and willingness to work in common. This statistical analysis presented new findings for creating methods and ideas for protecting and utilizing rare species in regional planning.

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 To become a low carbon society, we must reduce CO₂ emissions from the transportation sector. In this study, we calculated and analyzed the CO₂ emissions from cars and public transport vehicles in major Japanese cities. We used data from a variety of sources, such as family income and expenditure surveys, life-cycle CO₂ databases, retail price statistics, etc. To calculate the emissions from cars, we added the direct CO₂ emissions from gasoline combustion to the indirect CO₂ emissions associated with the production and maintenance of cars and related components. Our results indicate that CO₂ emissions from traffic tend to be lower in larger cities. We found that population density, which can be considered as a proxy for the extent of urbanization, is strongly negatively correlated with CO₂ emission levels. The number of cars owned is positively correlated with CO₂ emission levels.

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 In this paper, the factor analysis by the linear multiple regression model was carried out using the home CO₂ statistical survey and the heating degreeday. Factor analysis was conducted in two models, nationwide model and regional model. Furthermore, by using parameters obtained by factor analysis and municipal statistics, CO₂ emissions per household in the household sector were estimated by municipalities across the country.For the nationwide model, the regional model has a multiple correlation coefficient improving accuracy of about 1 to 3 points, and in the four regional categories of Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto Koshin, and Kyushu, the heating degrea in the district It was revealed that there was a big difference and a significant difference in CO₂ emissions. From the estimation result of CO₂ emissions per household by municipality using regional model, it was clarified that the quartile deviation in the four regional categories of Tohoku, Kanto, Hokuriku, and Kinki is 0.4 or more. The difference in CO₂ emissions per household among municipalities among the four regions was shown to be particularly large.

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 To promote sustainability transition, it is important to encourage collective pro-environmental behaviors. We analyzed the influence of a close person on youth's behavioral intention toward collective proenvironmental behaviors by simultaneous covariance structure analysis comparing the group which have a close parson who participate in community's activities regularly and the group which do not have such a person for the case of introducing a renewable energy system. As the results, the behavioral intention of the group with a close person was statistically higher than that of the group without a close person. Perceived collective competence enhanced evaluation of ability, resulting in more behavioral intention in the group with a close person. Furthermore, evaluation of ability, responsibility for collective proenvironmental behaviors and active interest in environmental problems were significantly associated with behavioral intention, whereas the belief that environmental risk could be avoided by individual behaviors was negatively related to behavioral intention in both groups.

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 The future existence of municipalities in Japan is under threat due to the sharply decreasing population. Consequently, the stimulation of regional economies is now considered an even more critical issue. Generation of renewable energy in Japan is currently small but stable, and is considered the foundation for the economic strategy in regional areas. However, the economic impact depends on the degree of participation by enterprises in the municipality.
 This study used questionnaires to obtain financial information regarding energy generation stations, including investment by related enterprises. Based on the information obtained, this study constructed methods to estimate the economic impact (using disposable income, tax revenue, and the number of employees as metrics) of wind power generation in the town of Asahi, and small hydropower generation in Nyuzen. The study also investigated the possibility of every enterprise in the selected towns participating in renewable energy generation. Economic effects were estimated both using the business-as-usual case, as well as the case where all enterprises participate in renewable energy generation.

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 In this paper, the potential of regional-scale introduction of agrivoltaic systems (the technique to put up a pillar on agricultural land, and to install PV systems in upper space of the pillar continuing farming) was evaluated. Considering the difference of adaptability to the decrease of solar radiation under agrivoltaic systems between agricultural crops, the relationship between solar panel installation ratio and crop yield reduction ratio was formulated. In addition, the installation potential of power generation was calculated in consideration of limiting factors such as geographical condition, the capacity of the regional grid interconnection, and crop yield reduction in each municipality in Kanto. As a result, the maximal amount of agrivoltaic systems without limiting factors was 65.1 GW in rated capacity, 69,118 GWh / year in power generation amount. From the result of the introduction potential in consideration of the limiting factors, it was found that the capacity of the regional grid interconnection was the most critical limiting factor. Under the condition to maintain the crop yield in the whole region, it was found that when introduction priority of agricultural crops was set, the potential was maximized by restarting farming at the abandoned farmland within each prefecture. In addition, it was clearly shown that agrivoltaic systems had more potential than introduction of ordinary PV systems on conventional abandoned farmland.

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 Focusing the influence of U-shaped vegetation zone formed after gravel bar restoration in two lane meandering segment of Kinugawa River, labotratory experiments and numerical analyses were performed on the flow field and coarse sediment movement during a flood. It is clarified that, in the deep side of the internal area of the U-shaped zone, coarse sand tends to be deposited due to velocity decrease and water depth increase, and, behind the U-shaped zone, sand is much more deposited due to extremely slow velocity. In addition, it is indicated that, in the outer edge of the U-shaped zone, the velocity is slightly fast, then sand can be flushed away and gravel can be deposited, which leads endemic species for gravel bed to fix easily. It is shown that the numerical analysis can reproduce the approximate trend of the experimental results.

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 Reuse of sewage-treated water (reclaimed water) can be one way of securing water stably in areas with poor water resources such as drylands. In this paper, we propose measures to promote agriculture by introducing reclaimed water into the area where water shortage is normal, and present a method to analyze the regional economic effect. First, the optimum item-specific production is calculated by linear programming under the condition that reclaimed water is available. Secondly, the rippling effect of the increase in agricultural production on regional economies will be calculated by the input-output analysis.

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 In the betwixt mountainous areas of Japan, the regional decline accompanying the depopulation and aging has been becoming seriously. So these betwixt mountainous areas are required the regional redesign that enables to maintain the quality of area and life. However, as for the betwixt mountainous areas, basic database such as resident's lifestyles that contribute to evaluate CO2 emission has not yet been fully developed. In order to evaluate the effect of low-carbon measures with accuracy in the betwixt mountainous areas and suggest the new regional design in line with the actual situation of the rural, it is essential to understand the resident's consciousness and actual living conditions. Therefore based on these background, we conducted survey on the current situation of actual condition of daily mobile environment and tried to sort out the problems of daily life focusing on mobility in betwixt mountainous areas. And in addition to that, we collected the person trip data that contributed to the prediction of redesigned effect.
 As a result of the survey, the traffic share of cars accounted for 90%, and public transportations were 2% lower than on foot. The annual car mileage of Hidakagawa Town was 2.8 times nationwide. These results showed that the frequency of use and degree of dependence of automobile was high trend. There was a clear correlation between each age and residential areas with the ratio of the mobility-impaired people, and 40% of the latter-stage elderly people rated themselves as mobility-impaired people. These results are related to problems such as lower satisfaction of public transportations and inconvenience in the purchase of daily goods in betwixt mountainous areas. So, in this study it was shown that betwixt mountainous areas had a lot of problems in their daily life focusing on mobility.

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 Based on past research of Material Flow and Stock Analysis (MFSA) focusing on infrastructure, MFSA focused on "railways" has not been performed sufficiently. In this research, focusing on the "Tokaido-Shinkansen" out of "railways", Time-Series Material Flow and Stock Analysis was carried out by dividing it into vehicle section, structure section, train line section and orbit section. We have quantified material flow amount, net accumulation amount, and gross accumulation amount since the launch of the "Tokaido-Shinkansen" to now. As a result, a gross accumulation amount is about 4.13 million tons at the time of 2017, including concrete: about 3.29 million tons, iron: about 760,000 tons, aluminum: about 50,000 tons, copper: about 30,000 tons and stainless steel: about 10,000 t. The material-use efficiency of the "Tokaido-Shinkansen" as of the year 2011 was 11,319 person kilometers / t and it turned out to be ten times more efficient, compared with the national railway average in Japan, 1,059 person kilometers / t.

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 Understanding quality and quantity of material stocks and urban metabolism, forecasting demolition waste are essential in order to establish a sound material-cycle society. The influence of socio-economic changes and geo-spatial characteristics to building lifespan are required for a detailed urban metabolism analysis. In this study, we construct an urban structure (Building, Road, Railway) database of the city center of Nagoya (approximately 12 km²) from 1949 to 2009, and we established a building lifespan model for urbam metabolism analysis considering socio-economic changes and geo-spatial characteristics parameter. As a result, we quantified the building lifespan by floor number, population density, building structure type and official discount rate. In adition, we compare and examine between the actual demolished builing data from 2003 to 2009 in Nagoya city center and result of the simulated demolished building using building lifespan model. Simulated demolished building was 4.85 Mtonnes in the actual demolished building which is 6.03 Mtonnes. Demolition judgement using building lifespan model can estimate for high rise building such as RC building.

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 Due to rapid deterioration of water pipes and decreasing financial resources for pipe replacement, several theories of asset management are being widely used to minimize waterworks life cycle cost (LCC). The concept of pipe replacement methods such as downsizing in pumped water distribution systems in the context of depopulation have not been established sufficiently even though a large amount of research has been done by using pipe replacement planning models to minimize LCC. This study, therefore, first proposes a pipe replacement planning model using a genetic algorithm that codes replacement timing and diameter as integer, and then applies a proposed model for pumped water distribution system in a depopulation scenario. The results show that the proposed model can reasonably plan pipe diameter, accounting for pump operational cost, and plan diameter downsizing for pipes that have surplus pressure. Prescriptively, it is rational to determine pipe diameter according to peak water demand over the planning period; thus, it is also rational to determine pipe diameter according to water demand at the time of replacement in situation of steady depopulation.

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 In this study, a case study of energy recovery at a small-scale waste incineration facility was carried out in order to clarify possible technologies applicable without waste heat recovery boilers in Shirahama Town, Walayama prefecture. Here we estimated possible amount of power generation based on heat balance analyzes. We also examined cost and benefit accompanied by implementation of the technologies. As a result, it was revealed that even small-scale waste incineration facilities can generate some amount of electricity by utilizing applicable energy recovery techonologies. Moreover, methane fermentation gave advantages as well as small-scale power generation.

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 In this research, we aimed to provide knowledge on which sort of sludge incinerator in the sewage treatment plant is a better policy for self-governing bodies in the process of renewable energy recovery or energy recovery through collaboration. IC and RC were obtained from the cost structure of energy recovery technology based on city size, and their TC was analyzed as a judgment material. As a result of the analysis, when the city size exceeds 30,000 people, it became clear that self-sustaining energy recovery is a better idea. However, as this result is based on the assumption that sludge treatment has been aggregated, there is a possibility that collection of energy by cooperation may be a better idea in the case where a local government has multiple sludge incinerators. As a result, both energy recovery technologies were found to be a superior technology to change the technology selection depending on the processing situation and spatial arrangement of the sewage treatment plant and aim for cost reduction together.

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