Cambodia fully supports the global efforts to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, although the country's emissions are regionally and globally insignificant. The country has counted the Low-Carbon Development as a win-win approach to help Cambodia avoid pervasive economic growth models by increasing energy efficiency, promoting renewable energy, and reducing environmental pollution and GHG emissions, while sustaining social and economic development. This study proposed a scenario for a quantitative and systematic design of low-carbon development in Cambodia towards 2030 with a focus on energy policy. The Extended Snapshot Tool (ExSS) was used to project quantitative future activities and CO₂ emissions and reduction potentials, and to identify low-carbon measures to be implemented to achieve the above-mentioned goal. The results of this study yield that CO₂ emissions are projected to increase to about 23.28MtCO₂/year (5.5 times) in 2030BaU compared to around 4.22MtCO₂/year in 2010. The effective implementations of low carbon measures, CO₂ emissions are expected to reduce by about 12.83MtCO₂/year (about 55.10%) in 2030CM. Given the limited research in Cambodia, the results of this study are expected to be used to formulate a low-carbon development policy of this country.

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 In this study, the authors tried to examine the utility and to clarify the problems of text mining for identifying substantive issues and visualizing relationship among the issues in large-scale public comments. As the result of case study with submitted comments of the “public comment for choices on energy and the environment” implemented by National Policy Unit in 2012, it was possible to illustrate the utility of text mining by identifying 17 issues such as “shift of energy policy”, “disposal of radioactive waste”, and so forth, as well as to visualize relationship among the issues by drawing network graphs. It was also possible to clarify the problems such as the existence of a large amount of comments with similar contents, and necessity of developing an objective word selection method for identifying the issues being mentioned less frequently.

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 This study quantified the economic impacts of climate change on human health attributable to undernourishment. Changes in morbidity and mortality due to nine types of diseases (e. g. diarrhea) caused by childhood underweight were interpreted as changes in labor, population and demand for health care, and recursively fed back to the AIM/ Computable general equilibrium model. Moreover changes in mortality were economically quantified by different monetary metrics and willingness to pay to reduce the risk. Future climate data provided by five general circulation models and four crop models were used to consider the model uncertainty in future climate conditions. We found that i) GDP and welfare loss caused by climate change impacts on human health throughout childhood underweight are small and different in different regions, but ii) the mortality is equivalent to -0.4~+ 0.1% change of world GDP and -6.0~+ 1.0% changes of regional GDPs in 2050. These impacts were not considered in previous studies but were not negligible.

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 This study investigates the existence of the slippage effect (unintended increase in cultivation) due to the payment for ecosystem services (PES) in China. To this end we use the data of the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), one of the largest PES programs for crop retirement in the world. We construct the panel data for 24 provinces during the period of 2000-2012. The data are then analyzed by the fixed-effects model and pooled ordinary least aquares (OLS) model to account for unobserved heterogeneity among provinces and time periods. Under different variables and estimations, our models provide fairly consistent estimates, indicating that the slippage effect of the SLCP is statistically highly significant. The magnitude of the slip-page is estimated to be much smaller than other similar programs such as the Conservation Reserve Program in the U.S. However, since the SLCP accounts for about 5% of the total agricultural area, even a small slippage must be accorded considerable attention; policymakers must reduce its impact and maintain ecosystem services in the region.

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 In recent years, electricity and heat utilization by using hydrogen is concerned from the perspective of stable energy supply. Particularly, hydrogen can be used as the fuel of fuel cell vehicles (FCV), and thus can be in support of the power supply when disasters occur. Therefore, the development of hydrogen stations for supplying FCVs is promising. In this study, the introduction of hydrogen stations at a sewage treatment facility was evaluated regarding the production/supply of biogas and the financial feasibility. Consequently, the hydrogen made from the sewage treatment facility can satisfy the annual mileage for 800 FCVs, equivalent to the 3,000 persons' daily electricity demand during disaster period. Therefore, the project is highly practicable from the perspective of stable energy supply. However, the present scenario is not financial feasible. Therefore, it is important to reduce the cost by developing low-cost technologies or implementing financial subsidy policies. The business can be applied to the other area in Japan given that the aforementioned problems are improved.

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 In this research, a time-variant simulation model for profiling electricity demand and hot-water supply in residential areas. The authors identify capacities the facilities of needed for life-care aged home or special nursing home for the aged in the future trend in the policy outlook of densely-inhabited area stimulating by intensive-care-service incentives supported by Compact City Promotion Act. In this study, energy management of residential redevelopment in apartment buildings and special nursing home for the aged in 2010-2030, in Kobe Higashinada area. The options of residential/urban renewal are categorized as follows. The reference is isolated development among residential apartments and nursing home buildings which should be responsive for intensive hot-water supply to guests and aged residents. The option of well-managed mixture of family-type apartments and nursing home building with floor ratio of around 1 versus 1 is found to produce best performance of CHP system with electricity accommodation system.

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 As part of the environmental impact assessment of public works (e.g., road, dam, rail, and power plant construction projects), raptors are often surveyed as environmental indicator species, and environmental conservation measures (ECM) for raptors are often required when construction projects are in progress. However, the effects of ECM have not been analyzed statistically. We aggregated the cases of ECM exhaustively in nationwide road projects between 2009 and 2012, and analyzed the effects of ECM based on 787 nesting successes/failures of three rare raptors (Northern Goshawk, Grey-faced Buzzard and Mountain Hawk-eagle) using the meta-analysis approach. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the nesting success rates of each species before and during roadwork projects, and that there was no downward trend with decreasing distance to the roadwork zones. ECM notably increased the nesting success rate of the Goshawk. Thus, ECM succeeded in maintained the nesting success rates of three rare raptors to a level commensurate with levels prior to roadwork projects, and efficient and effective ECM should be continued in the future.

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 In order to mitigate the habitat of forest insects during and after dam construction, the stacking felled woods as a habitat substrate were installed in a construction area. Only just one month after their installation, 56 species of insects were identified including the beetles (Carabidae, Cerambycidae) which are usually live in rotten woods. Though number of identified species in the felled woods varied with seasonal change, typical species in rotten woods were always identified. Stacking felled woods were confirmed as an effective mitigation measure for the habitat of forest insects during and after construction.

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 When we analyze vehicle choice behavior, including electric vehicles (EV), it is important to disclose the relationship between these choices and EV charging stations.
 Thus, in this study, we analyzed the relationship between vehicle choice behavior and its factors, which are costs, class, and the type of vehicle, using conjoint analysis in four case studies divided by the development of EV charging stations and buying purpose.
 The results of the analysis which income level is not considered are below. In the case wherein there were insufficient EV charging stations and the buying purpose was for a long trip, the utility scores imply a negative decision for EVs. Even in the case wherein the purpose was a short trip, the EV's value was still negative. On the other hand, in the case wherein there were sufficient EV charging stations constructed and the purpose was a long trip, the scores indicate a positive tendency toward EV-buying. The scores for costs are negative in all cases. The results of the analysis of each income level are below. In the case wherein there were insufficient EV charging stations, the importance score of vehicle type is the highest at high income level. In the case wherein there were sufficient EV charging stations, the importance score of type is the highest at low income level. Low income person places importance on costs than high income person.

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 As a key to local regenerations, social capital (SC) is gathering attention. However, some disagree to look at SC as a characteristic of a local community, and it is also difficult to quantitatively measure SC. Thus, we, here, measured SC of local residents using the resource generator, and used covariance structure analysis to analyze its associations with their evaluations of the communities and their subjective degrees of happiness. The result of the SC measurement indicated that, while the physical supports that did not require information dissemination or sharing, or special skills gained high scores, the physical supports that required special skills or accesses to specialized knowledge or skills gained low scores. There also were generation and gender differences observed in scores. Furthermore, the covariance structure analysis revealed that SC behind the gained number of resources enhanced the residents' attachment and subjective degrees of happiness, that eventually lead to the settling intentions and higher evaluations to the local communities.

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 Influential factors on food risk perception were investigated from the viewpoints of socio-demographics, lifestyles and personalities. The anxieties about 24 types of food based on six product areas and four food types were investigated through the questionnaire survey getting 16,650 respondents in Japan. Besides, 60 questions were prepared to investigate the personalities based on 14 sub-scales. The anxiety was influenced mainly by the procuct areas instead of food types; the highest anxiety was observed for the foods from China, followed by those from developing countries (except for China), developed countries, and Fukushima. For personality, nine factors were extracted. The results of multiple regression analysis incorporating socio-demographic, lifestyle, and personality variables were not influenced by the food types but influenced by the product areas. The most influential variable on the anxiety for all product areas was “habits to check product areas.” It was also indicated that “general trust” and “being strict in discipline” were most influential personalities on the anxiety about foods from Fukushima and foods from China, respectively.

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 This study focused on environmental, social and economical aspects of water use system in watershed, and the preference of each resident was estimated by ACBC (Adaptive Choice Based Conjoint Analysis). In addition, the diversities of their preferences and the factors that cause variety of the preference are analyzed. From ACBC result, four segments of residents can be found in the target area. The biggest segment (including 41% of residents) does not emphasize any aspects, but the 2nd (including 23%), 3rd (including 21%), and 4th (including 12%) segments emphasize "operating cost", "ground subsidence", and "safety of tap water", respectively. While no significant correlation was observed between the segments and demographics like gender, age or resident area, psychographics like the consciousness of environmental issues, waterfront in neighborhood and tap water clearly explain the reasons why their preferences have been formed.

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 Effects of three factors (plant cover rate, shape of unit revetment, and plant height) on landscape evaluation of greening revetments were examined using concordance and indistinctiveness scores for 162 photomontages changed combination of the three factors by questionnaire survey. The concordance scores were greater when the cover rate was higher, the shape type was stair, and plant height types were low and high-low mixture. The indistinctiveness scores were greater when cover rate was higher, shape type was stair, and plant height type was high-low mixture. The effects of the three factors on both scores were similar and the both sores were positively correlated. The both scores exceeded the average score (score three out of five) only when the cover rate was more than 70%. These results suggest that plant cover rate should mainly improve landscape evaluation of greening revetments although shape of unit revetment and plant height also affect in part. Hence, greening revetments without plant cover should be underestimated as compared to greening revetment in the field.

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 In this paper, citizen preferences for power supply visions were assessed using choice experiments. In particular, preferences for the composition of power generation including renewable energy and nuclear power were analyzed. We also investigated how the need and consciousness for electricity saving affected the preferences for power supply visions. The results indicated that a respondent group who felt negative about resuming the operations at nuclear power plants had discriminative preferences for attributes of the power supply visions, and that the priority of carbon dioxide emissions as a criterion for evaluating the power supply visions became lower when the composition of power generation was presented. Consciousness for electricity saving, as well as preferences for nuclear power generation, differed depending on regions of residence, while their relationship was similar among respondent groups who lived in the jurisdictional areas of the electric power companies that had experienced risks of demand-supply gaps.

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 In order to realize a recycling-oriented society, it is important to advance industrial symbiosis, considering characteristics of area and material. After the Great East Japan Earthquake disaster, coal power generation replaced nuclear power generation, increasing the amount of Fly-ash (FA) byproduct whose utilization is a future problem. This study evaluates the potential of FA recycling as construction material to be used in the reconstruction and restoration of buildings, and construction of coastal protection facilities in Fukushima. It was found that there is big FA input potential in the city of Sendai which is located 50km north of the power station. In addition, the amount of FA produced by the power station is bigger than the FA input potential in the recycling zone.

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 From the viewpoint of efficient use of limited resources and energy, distributed district energy system is attracting great attention, which enables efficient use of both electricity and heat by promoting the utilization of local resources and taking advantage of the proximity between supply and demand. In comparison with the large-scale centralized system, although the planning and management of the system corresponding to each regional and district condition is quite important, many of the past practices are mostly designed and operated depending on the individual experience, the knowledge are still not sufficiently generalized. Therefore, this study aims to build a framework to support the design of distributed energy system quantitatively and confirm its effectiveness by a case study of actual district development project, which is currently in progressing in a revitalization municipality of the Great East Japan Earthquake.

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 When it comes to keep and enhance activity level in a region, the local government should consider dynamics of industries, population, and their interactions. We developed a model to consider interaction of industry, employment, commuting and population in a local scale, which is applicable with available data in municipality level. The model is formulated in a definitive manner, and its parameters and corresponding policy issues are identified. The model was applied to So-ma region in Fukushima prefecture with a special focus on Shinchi town and four scenarios which correspond issues in the town were developed.

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 Excessive river improvements caused degradation of river ecosystems and loss of aquatic biodiversity. Mussels which are one of good indicator species of river environment are also decreasing their population and habitat drastically. The object of this study is to contribute to river restoration projects by revealing the factors that are limiting mussel's existence. We surveyed distribution of mussels, physical surroundings of their habitat and mussel defection experiment in the Matsuura River. Followings are indicated from the result. Floodplain, sand bar that causes burble flow, and focal projection such as woody debris function as shelters for mussels during flood event. Smaller mussels were easier to be effected by flush water than larger individuals.

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 A numerical simulation model based on functional feeding groups and bed-residence groups was developed to describe the dynamics of benthic macroinvertebrate biomass, which includes the transport model for suspended load to evaluate the microhabitats of benthos in gravel-bed. The model was applied to the Agi-gawa river, a tributary in Kiso-gawa river system in Gifu, Japan. The calculation condition was referred to the downstream of the Agi-gawa dam. The comparison between observed benthic macroinvertebrate data and simulation data suggests that the present model can reproduce the compositions of functional feeding groups and bed-residence groups both at the upstream and downstream of the dam fairly well. The results of the numerical simulation showed that the insufficient supply of fine sediment from the upstream leads to the increase of biomass of bed-residence groups in inter-stones and the decrease of biomass of surface and interior groups.

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 The object of this research is to find out a suitable model experimental condition in the model open channel to reproduce the real characteristics of behavior of fish in a natural river in where the flow usually is unstable.
 From observations and experiments, it becomes clear that in the model channel fish shows the characteristic moving near the wall of channel. But in the real channel in the field, fish does not show such behavior, because the shape of cross section of channel is not regular.
 If a spur dike is set in an open channel, bending flow occurs. Fish move upstream against this bending flow. And then, water course is formed on the bottom, the flow bends to the right and left more. Flow is more similar to the natural stream flow. As the result, fish move to upstream against to this bending flow.

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 Cross sectional profile, hyporheic flow velocity, dissolved oxygen, temperature of hyporheic flow and spawning redds distribution were surveyed in 3 sections which have different characteristics, such as thin gravel layer section, transiting gravel thickness (declining toward downstream) layer section and thick gravel layer section. The results show that hyporheic flow velocity and dissolved oxygen were high, and temperature of hyporheic flow was low as river water, on the thin gravel layer section. The thick gravel layer section has different characteristics from thin gravel layer section. The section included points standing out in about half amount of dissolved oxygen from other points and about 2 degrees celsius higher temperature than river water.Thus, it was considered that long residence time hyporheic flow mixed on the thick gravel layer section. Similar trend of hyporheic flow temperature was confirmed on the transiting gravel thickness layer section. Few spawning redds were confirmed on the thin gravel layer section. On the other hand, many spawning redds were confirmed on the thick gravel layer section and the transiting gravel thickness layer section. Thus, it was considered that contiguous thick gravel layer condition contributes to spawning environment.

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 Recently, the number of existing researches that tried to estimate the subjective values and economic value of ecosystem services has been increasing as the importance of biodiversity and ecosystem services was recognized both in and out of Japan. However, there are few existing researches that analyzed the factors affected the subjective values of biodiversity and many ecosystem services. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to estimate comprehensively the subjective values of ecosystem services and biodiversity of Isshiki tidal flat through the internet questionnaire survey and then analyze the factors that affected subjective values by ordered logit models.

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 In this study, the water contain concrete board newly developed was settled on the building roof for two years and it experimented. In three different experiments district of installation method, it was measured and analysis of the amount of net radiation, amount of conduction heat, amount of sensible heat etc. in the natural rainfall conditions. It was assumed to be a purpose of this research to verify the influence that the difference between the construction method and the volume of water in the effect of the heat decrease. By installing a water contain boad two a gap, conduction heat of the building is reduced by up to 97%, had a pronounced effect. Dry and wet did not influence it so much. For the reduction of the surface temperature, exhibit a sufficient effect in 1 layer. Dry and wet influences in this, and a regular watering is necessary to enhance the effect. For sensible heat, 1 layer, 2 layers both had the effect of reducing the accumulation sensible heat of the day 60% or more. It was effective for the dry and wet both, but it was strongly influenced by weather conditions.

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 SRES (Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) has been widely used for various climate change researches. Since 2007, a new scenario process has been started and the new socioeconomic scenario socalled SSPs are included within that process. SSPs are expected as the basis of multiple climate change research communities namely; earth system model groups and climate change impact groups. Meanwhile, there is a criticism to integrated assessment models about the transparency of model description and parameters. According to such background, this paper has two aims. One is to make the SSPs quantification procedure transparent as much as possible. The other is comparing quantified SSPs with existing well known scenarios; namely SRES and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) and revealing the characteristics about the SSPs in order to provide meaningful information to the other climate change research communities. As results, we found several things. First, air pollutants are smaller than SRES but larger than RCP. It would provide an opportunity investigating aerosol effects to earth system models. Second, cropland increases in all SSPs while SRES include strong decrease scenarios. It would be critical factors for agriculture, water resource and ecosystem assessment.

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 There is few amount of wet biomass in the farming area, so it tends to high processing costs and large amounts of GHG emission. Accordingly, it is necessary to deal with the wet biomass from farms efficiently with a centralized treatment system. In this study, considering the integrated wet biomass treatment, we clarified an unit emission coefficient of methane generation, stability of fermentation and a component of digestive with a case study in a cattle manure biogas plant which treats wet biomass. We analyzed the cost of the treatment of wet biomass and GHG emission by using experiment data from an administrative affairs association. As a result, by introducing the biogas plant, compared with the business as usual scenario, the cost of processing wet biomass is cut by 20% and GHG emission is reduced by 124%, . compared with the business as usual scenario. Consequently, the results show that the business is feasible.

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 Through the reconstruction of the Great East Japan Earthquake, the disaster waste treatment at the time of the large-scale disaster are taken up as a social problem. The abnormal weather which are pointed out to be related with global warming seems to be increasing and these weather has given serious damage to the region. A correct prediction of amount of disaster waste is important for quick and proper treatment and recycling. In this study, The examination of amount of regional material stock and disaster waste were carried out by using GIS. The disaster in Hidakagawa-cho(Wakayama) at the time of typhoon 12( 2011) was taken up as a case study. As the result of the examination, the following values were got, 97.2 Gg as material stock in the disaster area, 22.0 - 25.1 Gg as the predictive generating wastes and 0.2 - 0.7 as the collecting ratios. Although these values are not enough precision for practical use, it is considered that these data are effective for the further study of the development of the predictive method.

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 Toward rapid disposal of disaster waste, region-wide management by municipal solid waste incineration plants (MSW-IPs) and collaborative managemant by industrial waste disposal plants are focused on. The purpose of this study is to evaluate measure effecitiveness of two policies: the region-wide and collaborative management; and redundancy management which facilitating 10% excess capacity on MSW-IPs. In case 4, introducing all cooperative measures, the estimated disposal time was 2.8 year under Hanshin earthquake, reduced 5.2 year relative to no cooperation case. In the analysis on redundancy management, estimated total cost in each case of facilitating 10% excess capacity became higher compared with corresponding case. This result showed construction of temporary incineration plants was superior to redundancy management.

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 Disposing of debris in the aftermath of the hugely destructive the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 2011 has been a significant long-term challenge. This is not least because experts expect a major earthquake to strike metropolitan Tokyo in the near future and are concerned that this would generate even more debris. It is important to transport debris quickly and efficiently from ravaged areas to temporary storage sites to safeguard public health. We need to determine the possibility of securing such locations. In this study, we estimate the amount of debris that an epicentral earthquake would generate in Tokyo's 23 wards. We calculate an acceptable amount of debris by category for storing temporarily at parks, sports grounds, and other sites. We then leverage linear programming to model a transportation plan for minimizing ton-kilometer units. We also highlight issues relating to temporary storage space by drawing on calculations that both reflect and exclude restrictions on acceptable debris levels.

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 The Sustainable Development Goals are discussed around UN. For promoting sustainable development, it is effective to integrate the sustainable development targets into the comprehensive plan and strategically implement them. This study investigates the basic strategies in the comprehensive plan of 23 cities which are designated as the Eco Model Cities in Japan and evaluate the percentages of the sustainable development targets contained in the basic strategies is evaluated. The criteria which was previously conducted in two workshops is applied in this process. The result shows that the ratio of environment is quite low especially in headlines. It is required to balance among environment, economy, society and human welbeings in local cities vision.

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 Many infrastructure buildings have been performed in Japan, the community which exited there was lost by urbanization or the change of social structure. However, the direction of development change in recent years. It focused on the life satisfaction and the local community in Maebashi Soja area. The results were as follows; (1) It was to clarify the factors of life satisfaction and the local community. (2) It was to clarify the structure model of the relation of the life satisfaction and the local community. However, it wasn't clarify the structure model of the relation of evaluation on Tenguiwa irrigation canal and directivity to town planning of Soja area.

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 Globalization of our economies keeps progressing, but the level of economic growth varies amongst countries, which may cause the mismatches of demands and supplies for recyclable resources. International recycrable resources circulation can contribute to maximaize the resource productivity by eliminating these mismatches of demand and supply. However, Japanese international recycrable resources circulation will not be stable, because of cheap prices of the resources and trade partners' economic situation.
 In this study, we uncovered the change of structural characteristics of recycrable resources trade network and evaluated the Japan's situation and characteristics. Then, we discussed the problems on the social system related to international recycrable resources circulation based on the obtained indexes.

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 One of the effective means for reducing carbon dioxide emissions for the purpose of alleviating global warming is by increasing carbon fixation in the ecosystem through forest management while fixing carbon by storing it in timber used for furniture or construction materials, as well as using timber as bioenergy as a substitute for fossil fuel. The goal of this study is, by evaluating of carbon fixation in timber and the fossil fuel substitution effect, to develop a simulation model to support the overall optimization of a timber production and utilization system. The biogeochemical model (BGC-ES) based on the forest management model was employed to estimate carbon fixation of a forest ecosystem and the annual production of timber. Cases of forest management comprised combinations of timber harvest cutting periods and annual thinning area ratios. The simulations up to year 2100 were conducted with 2010 set as the base year. For each forest management case, a comparison was made from the balance of supply and demand. Timber was set to be used as building materials, woody powder and woody pellets. The amount of demand was proportionally decrease with the population. Based on the grid search, the maximum peak of cumulative carbon fixation in the ecosystem was recorded in the 90 years of rotation length and the annual thinning area ratio was 6 [%·y^-1] (Case HY90t06). While the cumulative amount of timber production was at a maximum when the rotation length was 40 [y] and the annual thinning area ratio was 6 [%·y^-1] (Case HY40t06). In case HY90t06, the amount of cumulative carbon fixation in the ecosystem and based on timber increased by 0.7, 3.1 [Mt-C] in 2100 respectively, in comparison with 2010. As the result, in case HY90t06, the net cumulative carbon was estimated to be 2.7 [Mt-C] in year 2100.While, in case HY40t06, the amount of cumulative carbon fixation based on timber increased by 5.8 [Mt-C], however the amount of cumulative carbon fixation in the ecosystem decreased 0.9 [Mt-C] in 2100. Regardless the most of timber was used for biomass power plant , fossil fuel substitution effect is less than other energy production, thus, the net cumulative carbon was estimated to be 1.6 [Mt-C].

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 This study estimated future construction minerals stock and flow, and calculated its intensities. The intensities were calculated by construction mineral shipment and stock increase figures. The construction mineral stock and flow data was used to estimate CO₂ emissions with a scenario type of using mixed cement, and to estimate recycling potential as recycled aggregate. The results show that buildings, roads, and other civil infrastructure have accumulated 100Mton, 120Mton, and 87Mton respectively. CO₂ emissions in a scenario using mixed cement is 3.9Mton in 2050, which was found to be less than the 0.8Mton emissions in a scenario status type of not using mixed cement. Recycled aggregate demands would accumulate to 47Mton in 2050, and concrete waste by demolished buildings in 2050 would accumulate to 140Mton, therefore it is clarified that there is a large recycling potential.

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 Japan has large numbers of seaports, fishing harbors, and coastal facilities. Therefore, quantifying the kinds of material stock in there infrastructures is important. This study showed that seaports, fishing harbors, and coastal facilities have accumulated 783Mton, 1714Mton, 472Mton of material stock, respectively. In this way, this study expands the database of Japan's material stock to include seaports, fishing harbors, and coastal facilities, and provides a reassessment of these stock efficiency trends compared with other stock types. These results help to evaluate society's metabolism (inflows, stocking, and demolition of material).
 Reassessment of stock efficiency trends regarding units of transportation showed that airports' efficiency trends grew. Roads' and rails' trends regarding freight increased, while seaports' stock trends in regards to number of passengers declined.

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 In this study, we propose a method to promote the environmental awareness towards purchasing local or seasonal vegetables, by recognizing most influential factors. Furthermore, we investigate the significance of environmental information on eco-friendly behavior, by dispensing information regarding CO₂ emission reduction to the respondents. Therefore, We created a hypothetical model, and gathered environmental information by relying upon the literature. Then we executed an island-wide online questionnaire survey in the month of November 2013, and obtained 1042 valid responses. Initially, the factor analysis was executed on the data, and then the covariance analysis was performed. As a result of factor analysis, four most influential factors could be extracted, and were named as feasibility, performance, environmental contribution, and social norms, accordingly. Moreover, a significant and positive causal relationship could be observed between the variables of feasibility and behavior, where it became clear to comprehend the fact that the promotion of feasibility would elevate the environmental awareness (behavior).

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 Although Mt. Fuji was selected as the world cultural heritage site in 2013, it is pointed out that the increase of climbers is over its capacity. In this study, we estimated the upper limit of the number of climbers to Mt. Fuji from the viewpoints of the treatment of human waste and the climbers' safety in each of the four routes of Mt. Fuji. In some routes, the present numbers exceed their capacity. Then, we assessed the value of the climbing fee in order to keep the number of climbers to the estimated capacity by using the zonal travel cost method. The results show that the necessary fee is 0 to 3,000 yen for each climber if the averaged number of climbers for summer season does not exceed the capacity. On the other hand, this value of climbing fee is not sufficient in peak periods. The necessary fee to reduce the number in peak periods is estimated to be 2,500 to 8,000 yen for each climber.

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 The resource consumption pattern of remote islands is assumed to be different from that of the main land due to the constraints of both material distribution and human interaction. This study aims to investigate food production and consumption pattern of remote islands with an attention to flow of food supply and food stock for emergencies through household questionnaire survey and interviews with the residents in Hachijo Island, Tokyo. We found that sharing food provisioning services plays an important role by sustaining more or less the half of total food consumption at high cropping and harvesting season of agricultural and marine products. The study also found that many households own additional deep freezers to store the products shared and exchanged with neighbors and relatives in Hachijo Island. Based on the findings from Hachijo, we examined the potential role, opportunities and challenges of such food sharing culture to build a resilient island against natural disasters and social-economic changes.

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 It is critical issue to promote the health of elderly in Japan. One of the effective approaches for the promotion is to develop the areas in which it is easy to access for shopping and provide the daily opportunity to go outside including shopping. Shopping is the activity not only to live but also to exercise the functions for health. Thus shopping is expected to contribute to diverse functional health. In addition, shopping is important opportunity especially in rural areas where the opportunity of the activities is restricted. In this study, we focus on shopping frequency of the elderly person and show that shopping related to specific daily life function using the data gathered in rural depopulated area. As a result, shopping frequency cor-relates with the functions such as homeboundness and fall prevention. It is suggested that maintaining shopping frequency may contribute to diverse aspect of well-being.

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 In order to study the management of nutrients for the harmony of two phenomenon, the one was the conservation of biological habitation due to control of the primary production in summer, the other was the healthiness of biological production such as Nori laver and seaweed cultivation in winter, we were calculated the variations of water quality due to the change of nutrient loads in Hakata Bay. As a result, in summer, the reduction of T-P loads were showed the effects of the primary production control and the decrease of COD concentration in the bay. In winter, COD derived from primary production was increased by increasing T-P loads of 1.5 times, but COD in the western and eastern area in the bay that were equal to or less than the environmental standards in status quo were preserved the following environmental standards value. Forhermore, the increase of T-P loads of 1.5 times was showed the effect of the improving the habitation of Nori laver and seaweed cultivation.

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 This study analyses Life Cycle Costs (LCC) and Life Cycle CO₂ (LCCO₂) emissions in a virtual water distribution network, accounting for the effects of differing life cycles for water pipes and pumps and the depopulation Japan is now facing. First, this study compares basic properties of LCC and LCCO₂ based on a scenario of replacing both pipes and pumps every 20 years. For LCCO₂, this study finds a simple correlation that LCCO₂ decreases as pipe diameter increases. As for LCC, this study also finds a trade-off, not found for LCCO₂ that pump operation costs increase as pipe construction costs decrease due to smaller pipes. Thus, it is suggested that there is an optimum diameter which can minimize LCC. Second, this study examines nine life cycle combinations (pipe: 20/ 40/ 80 years, pump: 20/ 40/ 80 years) respectively through comparative analysis. The results demonstrates that long pipe replacement intervals and short pump replacement intervals are most advantageous in curbing both LCC and LCCO₂.

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 The volume of urban water used in Japan has been gradually declining in recent years because of the changes in water consumption characteristics (i.e., water saving appliances and behaviours). These changes affect the effect of water supply restrictions (supply hour restriction or pressure reduction) imposed by water suppliers for saving reservoir water during drought time. Intensity of water supply restrictions is changed on a daily basis, then daily water consumption data for each sector (i.e., household, commercial) are necessary for such analysis as effect of water supply restrictions, however those are not measured. In previous research, we estimated daily sectoral water consumption by distributing monthly measured sectoral water consumption referring daily urban water supply. We propose estimation method of daily sectoral water consumption using temporal disaggregation technic. This method is useful for water suppliers, because the method is simple and with easy data availability.

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 Nature friendly river improvement technology of upper reach is not established. We conducted physical, movable-bed model to design nature friendly river channel of the Oide River and investigate energy dissipating effect of step-pool structure.
 As a result, river bed fluctuation and bank erosion could be minimized without using concrete river bank protection by appropriate arranging of groin and riprap. And, the experiment revealed that the step height and pool depth of 0.55m is the most appropriate structure of step - pool with the point of energy dissipation and river bed fluctuation in the Oide river.

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 In order to evaluate the stabilization of landfill waste numerically, this study developed a pollutants mass balance model considering a waste layer as one box. The model considered pollutants (COD component and chlorine ion) that are released from waste. Although it was difficult to take the COD compenent in open system (OS) disposal facility. But, in closed system (CS) disposal facility which is covered and controlled by artificial watering, this study represented about 75% of the mass balance of pollutants. In the CS disposal facility, amount of watering is designed by the liquid-solid ratio (L/S ratio). The L/S ratio does not consider decay, such as biodegradation, but only washing out. The results of this study suggested that amount of watering should be determined with the decay. Also, a future prediction of leachate concentration was conducted using the model constructed in this study. As a result, in the CS disposal facility, chlorine ion might elute into leachate with high concentration. It is necessary to promote waste stabilization, such as increasing the amount of watering.

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 It is important to keep suitable area for fish in pool-and-weir fishway to make the migration rates high. In this study, the control of the suitable area was tried by installation of partition with various positions in pool-and-weir fishway. The migration rates of oikawa (Zacco Platypus) were obtained with the aid of two sets of digital video cameras. It was found that the migration rates of oikawa take the high value by installation of partition to an area between upstream side notch and downstream one. This is because the suitable area of oikawa was moved to the upstream side of partition from the middle part of the pool, and the migration from the slow flow area was induced.

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 For the university students majoring in environmental sciences and others, the questionnaire about the terms of environmental sciences are performed in the Nagasaki University. The results are compared with the past results that was performed for the agricultural students at the Kyushu University in 14 years ago. As a results of this study, most of the knowledge about terms are declined, however current student have more knowledge in some terms more related to environmental issues such as natural energy and hybrid car. The results of the questionnaire were classified into 8 groups by using the Self-Organizing Map (SOM), then the map and radar-chart were drawn to investigate characteristics for each group. As a results of the SOM analysis, the difference between environmental and the other students are clearly investigated. We confirmed that the SOM is useful tool to classify a results obtained from the questionnaire.

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 In response to a growing environmental awareness for the need of water leakage detection, we have been introducing a water distribution management system with high frequency pressure measurements. The consequences of sudden pipe breaks can be very costly because of the service interruption, the cost of repairs, and the damage to the surrounding property and infrastructure. Therefore, this research presents a new method for continuous monitoring in order to detect and locate breaks in water distribution. We develop a novel burst detection method without pipe network model.
 For an accurate location of the burst, the proposed method needs high frequency pressure data (sampling at 0.85 second intervals) of hydraulic transient events. A sudden pipe break creates a negative pressure wave that travels in both directions away from the break point and is reflected at the pipeline boundaries. Using the pressure data measured at one location along the pipeline, the timing of the initial and reflected transient waves induced by the break determines the location of the break. As a result, this method can be used to minimize the detection and location time after the burst occurs. We have gathered the data of sudden pipe break accidents for developing and evaluating the burst detection method. The result of this evaluation shows the effect of the proposed method and the importance of high frequency data acquisition. Also, our research shows that the location estimated using this technology, was equal to the actual location where the leakage occurred.

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 This study aims to estimate potential disaster waste generation using statistical and web information. In particular, we focused on the disaster waste derived from household durable goods.
 Firstly, we built a database of the mass per unit of the major durable consumer goods. Using the mass per unit database, the national average of the number and mass of durable consumer goods in a household were calculated based on the items found in the average household as reported in the National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure. The results of calculations based on the national average was about 1.5 to 2.5 tonne.
 Secondly, the number of durable consumer goods in households in the communities expected to be damaged by a Nankai earthquake were multiplied by the number of completely destroyed buildings, and by the type of damage (such as the size of the earthquake and tsunami) as provided by the Cabinet Office and local authorities, to estimate the amount of disaster waste generated in each community. As a result of the estimation, if we used the Central Disaster Prevention Council's figures in which the Kinki region is simulated to be severely damaged, Shizuoka Prefecture was likely to have the largest amount of disaster waste, at about 630 to 1,020 thousand tonne.

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 Among the water distribution network, we had focused on the maintenance plan of water mains which is vital for distribution system and has a large diameter (400mm or more). In order to maintain the high ability of pipeline facilities, periodic maintenance is required. However, check of pipeline facilities is very difficult, because they are laid in the ground such as hidden. Therefore, reasonable preventive maintenance and management plan should be considered from the view point to prevent the leakage accidents.
 In this study, first, we conducted an analysis of the pipeline leakage accident from the past of pipe leakage repair data accumulated in the 23 wards of Tokyo Metropolitan. Furthermore, it was quantified the effects of decreased pressure by water outage by using the distribution network analysis on the main distribution network model. We newly define “the risk index of pipe aging” and “the impact index of supply shortage” from estimated pipe accident rate and insufficient water supply by water outage. We have evaluated the pipeline renewal priority, using these two indicators. As a result, we got a pipeline renewal priority index which reflects not only the laid years of pipes but also the shape of distribution network and the spatial balance of water demand in the water distribution area.

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 The Yoshino River is known to have a very long spawning section of ayu up to about 50km (Ito et al, 1962), so ayu fishing was prosperous from 1950's to 1980's. However, after that, loss of spawning grounds gets remarkable. The reason can be at-tributed to decrease of sediment supply and flow rate by the construction and operation of several dams, and riverbed degrada-tion by gravel gathering for construction of structures. Nowadays situation is getting worth and is worried so much.
 In this study, inquiring and questionnaire survey was performed to ayu fishermen engaged in the Yoshino River in the section of 14~20km from the rivermouth. In addition, river channel changes are quantified using aerial photos and geological survey date of the channel. Changes in the number and position of the spawning grounds of ayu from 1950's, and: river environmental factors affecting the loss of the grounds, were examined. As a result, it was suggested that the opinion of the fishermen who watched a river for a long time included useful information. In addition, river environmental factors affecting the loss of the grounds was suggested the reduction of the discharge and immobilization of the river bed about the factor to have an influence on the laying eggs ground of the ayu.

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 A large amount of minerals become material flows in and out of urban areas when buildings and infrastructure, such as roads, are constructed and reconstructed. In order to do effective management of materials in a sound material-cycle society, it is necessary to estimate and grasp these material flows. This study describes a comparative MSFA (Material Stock and Flow Analysis) using 4d-GIS in the Nagoya city center for 1970, 1980, 1990, 1997, 2003, and 2009. Material stock in the case study area was found to be increasing, with large material accumulation in the commercial area. Additionaly, it was clarified that changes in the urban structure system has huge impacts on urban metabolism.

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