In regard to the multipurpose problem involving multiple stakeholders in decision making, transparency in the decision making process is required to promote smooth consensus formation. In this research, assuming the mid-confirmed contamination restoration project at the illgal dumping site, whitch is a multi-subject multi-object problem, construct an evaluation structure model to select the restoration goal and alternative plan and analyze it using the ANP method. Individual evaluation weights are calculated based on the analysis results, and grouped evaluators. By giving additional information to the evaluators, I revealed the attitude change of the evaluators. I introduced a measure of the degree of aggregation, developed a method to quantitativerly visualize the change of aggregation as a whole, and showed possibility to grasp not only a large number of opinions but also a small number of opinions at the discussion place.

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 Some complex socio-ecological problems that have occurred in Indonesia in the past few years include an increase in the diversion of waste to landfill; the disposal of wastes directly into river systems; and the livelihoods of informal workers becoming increasingly difficult to maintain. While the government has continued to improvise with waste collection and recycling systems, community-based collection and resource recovery systems called “Bank Sampah” have attracted increasing attention. In this research, we will discuss the requirements for the successful establishment of garbage banks in Indonesia considering the public benefits, including reduced problems with garbage disposal, resource recycling, and the capacity to save money through participation in these activities. The aim of the research is to clarify the consciousness structure with respect to participation. The methodology involved visits to garbage banks to conduct surveys among participants and subsequent analysis using cross-tabulation, Wilcoxon's ordered sum test, and consciousness structure analysis by using a co-variance structure analysis. Research participants revealed that a "cost vs. profit evaluation" exerts a strong influence on their "action intention" and that non-participants exert a strong influence on the "social norm evaluation" in determining an "action intention".

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 A questionnaire survey to was carried out to Tokyo metropolitan area residents and their preferences and the factors on future electricity generation by source (EGS) were analyzed. Four clusters of ideal EGS were observed; C1: preferring renewable energy from viewpoints of Safety and Global Warming, C2: preferring thermal power generation from Safety and Energy Security, C3: preferring nuclear power generation from Energy Security and Economic Efficiency and C4: preferring mixed use from Energy Security and Safety. In feasible EGS, much of renewable energy and nuclear power generation were replaced by thermal power generation. This indicates that residents would have willingness to accept the power generation mix strategy. The level of residents' understanding of each power generation features still remain less interpretable. For the consensus building on the power generation mix strategy, providing detail information of each power generation features is required.

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 In order to realize a low-carbon society, there is a need to promote energy conservation or de-carbonization measures at a city or a regional level. For this, a more detailed data on energy consumption is required which then can be used to develop a de-carbonization plan from the viewpoint of a city or region, encompassing demand control or power supply by multiple power supplying entities. However, in reality such statistics hardly exist in Indonesia due to data-gaps on energy consumption pattern. If these data-gaps can be addressed through technological innovation, there remains a big potential to reduce energy in various sectors. The objective of this study is thus to address the data-gaps on energy consumption in Indonesia through an innovative energy monitoring system and modelling. We piloted the monitoring system for selected units such as households, offices and commercial sector in Bogor city. Based on the real-time data obtained from the monitoring system, we developed an electricity consumption prediction model for each unit using the auto-regression exogeneous modeling. The results indicated that it was possible to determine the peak energy consumption which had high determination coefficient for each day. We conclude that the model will be able to make genuine contribution towards the de-carbonization plan and urban planning strategy development at a city and regional level.

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 In this paper, we estimated the expected reduction in energy consumption per household as a result of improvements in insulation performance, as per the assumption that the number of new houses should not exceed the range of decrease in the vacancy. We considered the change in insulation performance by type of building according to the relevance rate for the standard of thermal insulation performance by year of construction, and the number of houses required as per the estimates of the number of future households calculated by the municipality. After 2030, given that the number of households will sharply decrease in several municipalities, it is found that the number of newly built houses will be less than about 10% of the present number of households. Thus, it is suggested that the nationwide energy consumption per household of newly built houses as of 2030 will be only 1% less than that in 2010.
 To achieve low carbonization in the residential sector, in addition to combining measures such as the improvement of equipment efficiency and the introduction of renewable energy, it is necessary to combine measures such as renovation of existing houses and reduction of houses with low thermal insulation performance.

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 Recently, biogas plants (BGPs) receiving cow manure as a main source have been constructed in dairy region, Hokkaido. A BGP plays a role in material cycle and economy within a region, such as mitigation of nitrogen groundwater pollution and GHG emissions and saving money for inorganic fertilizer and energy from outside, through proper management of manure, energy recovery from biogas and application of fermentation residue as fertilizer. This study analyzed effectiveness in material cycle and economy in two regions, which introduce BGP, as a case study, using statistical data including inter-industry relations table and a model which presents behavior of carbon and nitrogen in cultivated field. As a result, introduction of BGPs promoted fermentation residue utilization, raising the cyclic usage rate. Economic effect by BGP introduction was estimated to 3.6~6.8% in the agricultural production value.

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 To understand the swimming ability of small diadromous fish, swimming experiments were conducted using Pond smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis) at the spawning stage . Our results are as follows: 1) average swimming speed of Pond smelt with body lengths ranging from 6 to 8 cm was found to be 107-141 cm/s, 2) a swimming-curve formula defining the relationship between swimming speed and swimming time was obtained, and 3) a swimming distance curve formula defining the relationship between swimming distance and flow velocity was obtained. It was estimated that a Pond smelt can advance itself 120 cm at a flow velocity of 87 cm/s using swimming distance curve. This formula is expected to be a new index for a distance in high-flow velocity range in a fishway design.

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 We conducted a field survey on stream fauna and enviroment in 24 study sites located in the urban region of Matsuyama City, Ehime Prefecture, in order to evaluate the suitability for waterplay by children. We captured stream-dwelling orgamisms using the method which can be easily implemeted by children, and figure out the abundance and diversity of "attractive" species for children. In total of 25 species and 1, 391 indivuluals of attractive species were found in the study sites in the unrban area. The density and species richness of the attractive species were high in small-sized streams with low nutrient concentrations. The variations in channel morphology, water quality, and species traits were suggested to be responsible for causing the spatial variation in attractive species. The improvement of accessibility to potentially-attractive streams in terms of fauna and the announcement to neighborhood residents seemed to be effective to increase water amenity for children in urban streams.

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 After gravel bar restoration, without effective maintenance, U-shaped plant colony will be formed and cause deposition of fine sediment, which results in the invasion of exotic plants and the decline of endemic plants to gravel bed. Laboratory experiments clarified that the flow during flood runs into the hollow part of the U-shape, which may induce deposition of fine sediment, and that the downstream region of the U-shape may induce deposition of very fine sediment. It was also shown that the partial removal of the “bottom” part of the U-shape will be most effective for suppression of fine sediment deposition.

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 The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of the flow and bed fluctuation on the swimming behavior of fish around the spur dike with changes in the permeable and impermeable spur dike. The experiments in relation to hydraulics, movable bed, and real fish behavior were conducted accordingly. As the result of these experiments, a difference in the permeable and impermeable spur dike of the flow velocity reduction effect in the vicinity of the spur dike was observed. In addition, single permeable spur dike was less influential in the flow. Fish stayed in around the impermeable spur dike area, however they run up through the permeable spur dike. They stayed in the flow velocity of 15(cm/s) (2BL(cm/s)) or less, and the more the vorticity increased, the longer the staying time took. The impermeable spur dike had a local scouring tip of spur dike, however the permeable spur dike was less influential on the bed fluctuation.

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 Inspection of water pipes has traditionally relied on the superior auditory skills of experienced inspection personnel to detect the sounds of water leaks. More recently, technology is being applied to make the inspections more efficient. An existing technical approach is to detect leaks based on threshold values of sound pressure data indicating sound intensity. Since the decision is based on a single variable, however, it is difficult to distinguish actual leak sounds from other simulated water leak sounds (false positives) occurring in the field, such as mechanical sounds or the sound of sewage water flow. Considering the precision needed for determining the location of leaks, the existing discrimination model may not be adequate for the task. This study focuses on the shape characteristics obtained when a histogram is made from sound pressure data of leaks. We devised a multi-variable discrimination model based on studies of the factors contributing to the three groups Leakage/ Simulated water leak sounds (false positives)/ No leakage, and compared the performance of this model with the existing method. The proposed method yielded a three-variable discrimination model. While the discrimination rate was not markedly better than the existing method for distinguishing “No leakage” from “Other (Leakage or Simulated water leak sounds),” it was found to be effective for discriminating between “Leakage” and “Simulated water leak sounds.”

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 In earlier research on leakage in buried water pipelines, the authors attempted to determine the optimal deployment of a given number (k) of leak sensors on gate valves and fire hydrants (optimization of the k-median problem). Two methods were presented for formulating the proposed deployment optimization planning model, standard and improved models. Based on case studies, it was concluded that the improved model resulted in an alternative planning proposal with a more balanced deployment of sensors than the standard model. The study was not able, however, to provide sufficient verification of the effectiveness of the improved model, since the pipeline network considered was a virtual and simple system. The present study first of all targets an actual pipeline network, extracting its pipeline and valve information from the waterworks geographic information system (GIS) and applying this information to the deployment optimization planning model. Second, as a means of evaluating the alternative planning proposal obtained from model application, the study quantifies the standard deviation in the length of pipeline covered by each sensor deployed in the network. The new study shows that even when applied to a more complex pipeline system, the deployment optimization planning model is sufficiently effective.

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 Many waterworks in Japan are making their own pipeline systems more redundant because they have experienced massive water supply outages associated with pipe failure due to earthquake, deterioration etc. On the other hand, the Pipe In Pipe (PIP) method, which can retrofit and downsize pipe diameter without traffic interference, is becoming popular. However, no one has quantified the effectiveness of trunk water main replacement to eventually increase system redundancy by using PIP method while accounting for the effect of depopulation. Therefore, this study implemented cost benefit analysis for three pipe replacement plans: main duplication, main interconnection with another water supply system, and simple pipe replacement. It was found that (1) the main benefit of redundant pipeline systems is water supply outage prevention, (2) by lowering the discount rate to reflect current Japanese government bond yields, redundant pipe replacement plans would be more feasible than simple, not redundant pipe replacement plan, based on cost-benefit analysis. (3) When purification plants with large capacity surpluses are located nearby, it is possible for main interconnection to be the most feasible redundancy plan.

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 Healthy community planning has progressed, accompanied by enhancement of subjective health, which is becoming indispensable. This study uses structure analysis to examine factors affecting subjective health (e.g., general health, mental health, vitality, appetite) in terms of “intention of eating behavior“ and “eating environment.” Results suggest the following: 1) Middle-aged (45-64 years) and elderly (over 65 years) people and people living in two-person households tend to have higher subjective health evaluation. 2) Adult women (20-44 years) tend to have an intention and eating behavior, such as "Having no time for eating," "Having no eating habits," and "Dieting." Moreover, they are not accustomed to eating regular meals. Furthermore, such groups tend to have a negative evaluation of their own health. 3) People residing near food stores tend to show higher subjective health.

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 In the study, the effectiveness of policies is evaluated that encourage changes in traffic behavior in order to realize healthy communities. The healthy life is used as a major index showing the degree of health of the citizen. Healthy life means the period during which a person can live and work independently, healthy and mentally and physically. In the research, an estimation model of health level is proposed based on environmental factors of municipalities. Since the relationship between environmental factors and health level is considered to be complicated, NN (Neural Network) which is an intelligent information processing method is introduced. As a result, it was possible to construct a model with high estimation accuracy. As a change in traffic behavior, walking time and outing time are focused and analyzed the relation with healthy life. These results revealed the effectiveness of municipalities and gender health promotion policies.

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 In the long-lived society, it is required to create the social circumstances for healthy and spiritu-ally rich lifestyles. There are many common items in the framework that supports "environmental conscious behavior" and "behavior that obtains health" psychologically and behaviorally. In this research, we examined the effect of behaivior modification obtained by using a framework supporting environmentally conscious behavior for health behavior support for employees. As a result, this program in Smart Healty Club 2016 was effective for continuous walking. As a behavior change, Many people choose approaches that make use of commuting opportunities. We estimated the difference in activity amount due to the difference in transportation method at commuting time. Finally, sharing information on activities with workplace colleagues is effective for maintaining motivation and mental refreshes.

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 In this study, we conducted the experiment to evaluate the heat shielding property and heat retention property when boards made of water content concrete were laid on the building roof from the summer of 2016 to the winter. By the measurement results in the summer, it was shown that the laying method with the hollow layer in two layers was the most effective for reducing the heat flux and the roof surface temperature. Even at the time when 6 days passed after watering, the integrated value of the conductive heat into building was 13.7% of the untreated plot. By the measurement results in winter, no significant difference was observed in the daily cumulative value of conduction heat flux due to the difference in laying method, but the lowest value of the roof surface temperature was the highest in the two-layer hollow. In the summer and winter seasons, as a method of laying on the roof of the building, it was shown that the two-layer hollow type is the most effective laying configuration, but when using only one layer, the construction method to lay was highly effective with a hollow between it and the roof surface.

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 The buildings and social capital constructed for the rapid economic growth period are accumulated as enormous stock in Tokyo. It is predicted in future that these will be abandoned as deterioration stocks because of their life-ends all at once. In this study, we set the scenario which considered influence by the demand falling with the population declines and the long usage of the wooden buildings, analyzed their stock, and estimated a quantity of the vacant houses which will not be maintained as deterioration stock in Tokyo. As the result, we suggest proposals of the stock management by the related-constituent, which are followings : the recycling ticket of buildings' version, the selection of the reusable materials and construction method when they build them, the use of existing stocks with the control of newly-built, the scheme of the buildings' time-serise records, and the establishment of the emergency, like the disasters, waste-treatment fund.

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 Relations between urban structure and automobile CO₂ emissions have attracted attention as important aspects of environmental policy, with respective introduction of urban facility location planning systems and carbon taxes. Particularly, Newman–Kenworthy type scatter plots provide fundamentally important information. Nationwide person-trip surveys have been used in Japan to accumulate these data. However, differences in annual fuel consumption and survey items during the calculation process strongly affect results over long examination periods. This study investigates city-specific automobile CO₂ emissions over 28 years, using data from the sixth survey administered in 2015 along with retroactively changed index values. Results show that automobile CO₂ emissions per city 28 years ago were actually lower than those reported from earlier research. Results also show that inter-city disparity in automobile CO₂ emissions per person has been expanding recently.

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 In order to contribute to the survival of the waste final disposal site, this study constructed a cement recycling model of municipal solid waste incineration ash considering dechlorination. First, this research estimated reserving capacity of the ash of the existing cement plants taking into account the chemical composition of cement raw materials including incineration ash after dechlorination. Then, this article proposed a cement recycling model aiming at cost minimization in four patterns of dechlorination at incineration plants, existing cement plants, recycling port, and eco cement plant changing the reserving capacity. As a result of the model analysis, it was found that the relationship of the total cost is affected by the upper limit of the reserving capacity in the case of desalination processing at incineration plants, existing cement plants, and recycling port. In addition, the total cost can be reduced when using the eco cement plant compared to the other three patterns regardless of the upper limit of the reserving capacity.

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 As a whole, Japan enters under a population decline, and the tendency is more remarkable in the local area than city area. If the work load and the consumption of supplies of public works are not reduced, the sustainability of the public services will be lost for the cost and environmental problems in such a area. The purpose of this study is to propose the sustainable system on the cooperation treatment of domestic waste water and combustible waste. Some measures were proposed, for example, the introduction of garbage disposer for the efficiency of the combustible waste collection and methane fermentation for combustible waste. Per person GHG emission and treatment cost were applied for evaluation indicators and calculated. As the results of examination for the area where a population decline was remarkable, the proposal systems can improve the efficiency compared with the present condition on the aspect of GHG emission and cannot improve on the aspect of treatment cost. The difference in the results was almost caused by labor cost and contract cost.

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 In this study, we examined ways to recycle food waste, which was disposed at domestic municipal waste treatment plants under the Food Recycling Law. In order to utilize food waste, the effects of food waste recycling were analyzed for the following recycling policies: re-evaluation of execution rate for heat recovery at municipal waste treatment plants; utilization of exsisted recycling plants; implementation of biogas technology. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the recycling rate in food industry, including wholesalers, retailers and food service sectors, was increased up to 86.4 % by these policies.

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 According to the statistics in 2014, 39.7 million ton of municipal solid waste (MSW) were incinerated in our country, and 4.3 million ton of incineration residue generated. Aluminum (Al) is contained in incineration residue, and it is known that Al contributes to generation of hydrogen gas, but little is known about quantitative information about detailed Al source in MSW and material flow of Al in MSW has not been clarified. In addition, economic and environmental assessment about a hydrogen recovery system from incineration residue has not been accomplished. This paper attempted to apply material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) on a system of hydrogen recovery from incineration residue in order to evaluate its environmental and economic efficiency. Specifically, this study focused on was Clean Park Seibu of Fukuoka city as a target facility, Al flow in municipal waste treatment, life cycle cost and life cycle CO₂ emission of hydrogen recovery system were estimated.
 A result of material flow analysis on Al in 2015 showed that the amount of Al contained in incineration residue was 686t. In this amount of Al, 90% came from combustible waste and 10% came from incombustible waste. The amount of hydrogen gas recovery of hydrogen recovery system was 15, 435Nm³ and life cycle cost of hydrogen recovery system was 4.25million yen/year. In life cycle cost, 83 % came from initial cost and 17% came from running cost. According to the results of the amount of hydrogen gas recovery and life cycle cost of hydrogen recovery system, hydrogen production cost was 275 yen/Nm³. In order to meet a standard of hydrogen sales price 103-113yen/Nm³, it is necessary to increase flow rate of hydrogen gas in 8Nm³/h. And also, it was revealed that the amount of CO₂ emission of hydrogen recovery system and unit CO₂ emission were 21.0t-CO₂/year and 1.36kg-CO₂/Nm³ respectively.

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 In this study, GHG reduction effects of energy recovery systems were evaluated in consideration of sewage sludge fuel utilization, heat source for drying, and collaboration of environmental infrastructures, as a case study in Kitakyushu city. In different five cases, combination of dewatered sludge disposal, and utilization of digested gas and combustion heat of municipal waste. As a result, it was revealed that case2 brought about the greatest GHG reduction effect, 38% less than base case (case0). This means the advantage in energy recovery by collaboration of neighboring environmental infrastructures and industrial factories.

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 Some rural sewage treatment plants, which are located near a cement plant, select a recycling system to input dewatered sludge dilectly in cement kiln. In terms of energy recovery from organic matter contained in sewage sludge, this system (direct cement feedstock system, DCFS) is not defined as an energy recovery measure. Therefore, there is a potential to consider revising the DCFS. On the other hand, an analysis of energy balances and greenhouse gas emissions for this system was not conducted, so information for deciding whether this system should be continued or not is lacking. In this study, I evaluated the cost-effectiveness [kg-CO₂eq/10³ Yen] for the measures to changing from DCFS to sludge carbonization system (SCS) in Gunma and Tochigi prefectures. The evaluated cost-effectiveness values of measures for changing from DCFS to SCS were smaller than the other GHG reduction measures in the field of sludge recycling. It is concluded that continuation of DCFS in rural area is a responsible decision.

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 In this study, we analyzed the effect of GHG reduction by utilizing various sewage sludge fuels based on collaboration among sewage infrastructures, industrial infrastructures, and domestic waste incinerations from 2020 to 2030. First, we estimated the amount of un-utilized sludge, and acceptance capacity of sludge fuel at industrial factories and municipal incinerators. Then, GHG reduction effect was analyzed with respect to GHG inventory of fuelization technologies and allocation rules of sludge fuel. As a result, it was revealed that this collaboration could recover energy from 87.3% of un-utilized sewage sludge, and reduce 3,320 thousand tons of carbon dioxide at most. In addition, the effect of GHG reduction influences amount of production of industrial infrastructures in future and mixed combustion ratio in pulp industry.

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 In this research, we estimated the potential of demand and supply in sewage sludge fuelization system utilizing paper and pulp production infrastructures in Kinki, Chugoku and Shikoku Area between 2010 and 2040. We set 3 energy-conserving technologies to be installed in sewage treatment facilities (granulation drying, bio-oiling, digestive gas purification). We also estimated GHG emissions through the introduction of this system. From the analysis, we reached the following conclusions; 1) In all scenarios for economic growth of paper and pulp industry (high and low growth scenario) based on the prediction in the previous research, 10 paper and pulp production infrastructures could accept fuelized sewage sludge and purified digestive gas from 37 sewage treatment facilities. 2) The sewage sludge fuelization system in collaboration with the paper and pulp production infrastructures could reduce GHG emissions 39.7% between 2020 and 2040 (compared with the case that conventional sewage sludge treatment is continuing).

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 In this research, a questionnaire survey was conducted to analyze the structure of consciousness in the choices of participation for renewable energy in Japan and Korea.
 The results showed that in Japan, the intention to back-shift from nuclear energy and promote renewable energy became relatively stronger from before the Fukusihima nuclear plant accident to the present. However, people who demonstrate an intention to back-shift from nuclear power and promote renewable energy do not have a strong intention to participate in renewable energy. This phenomenon includes more women than men. An enhancement in participation choice for renewable energy is expected among people who demonstrate an intention to back-shift from nuclear power and promote renewable energy.
 On the other hand, people who demonstrate a lesser intention to back-shift from nuclear and promote renewable energy have a strong intention to participate in renewable energy. It is assumed that these people have a strong consciousness of self-protection against risk following the Fukusihima nuclear accident.

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 The effect of the climate change on the worktime reduction due to heat stresses can produce serious economic impact. In this study, we investigated two possible adaptation measures, i.e. shifting work time and lowering work intensity by machinerization. Future workable hours are estimated based on a recommendation to prevent heat-related injuries. Without climate-change mitigation, at the end of the 21st century, start time of the work has to be shifted approximately 6 hours to keep current-level workable hours. On the other hand, if the temperature rise is kept below 2 degrees Celsius compared to the pre-industrial level, required shift time is estimated to be less than 2 hours. Lowering work intensity also contributes to alleviating worktime reduction, but not all type of works are able to be machinerized. Considering these facts, it is highly important to implement climate-change mitigation policies in order to reduce difficulties in adaptation measures.

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 In order to restore and redevelop areas affected by natural disasters, understanding of the material inputs needed to restore the community back to a pre-disaster state and a plan for efficient disaster waste disposal are needed. Lost building stocks were estimated for Kumamoto Prefcture, which suffered severe damage by 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes, by estimating the spatial distribution of building stocks using a micro-building data, overlaying the distribution of seismic intensity, and framing the result in a collapse fragility curve. The result showed that 58% of building stocks in Kumamoto Prefecture were standing on areas that recorded a strong motion of seismic intensity 6-upper, and lost stocks form collapsed or damaged buildings amounted to 260.7 million ton, and it was revealed that half of the stocks were concrete by material.

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 This study estimates ancillary effects of climate change mitigation actions on emissions of air pollutants and short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP) as well as cost accompanying introduction of countermeasures. The results indicate that climate change mitigation actions which can be introduced under 125 USD/tCO₂ of carbon price inhibit emissions of SO₂, PM_2.5 and BC below the level of base year, and simultaneous implementation of climate change mitigation actions and countermeasures for air pollution can reduce cost of actions corresponding to 0.12% of cumulative GDP till 2050 as ancillary effects. At the same time, the results indicate that increase of biomass consumption as climate change mitigation actions has potential to increase in emissions of air pollutants and SLCP. In order to investigate optimal pathways of greenhouse gas, air pollutants and SLCP, it is required to take into account the viewpoints of not only low carbon but also health impact, climate change, etc.

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 The way to grasp the comprehensive situation of indoor air contamination, it has been limited such as actual monitoring. The objectives of this study are 1) model construction to evaluate the formaldehyde indoor concentration by using macro material flows of plywood and adhesives, and 2) regulatory impact assessment about the reducing formaldehyde indoor air contamination by setting guideline value on contamination in 1997 and setting ventilation benchmarks in amended building standard act in 2003. Comparing with the actual monitoring formaldehyde concentration from 2000 to 2005 and 2006 to 2010, our estimation illustrated the good reproduction with the correlation of 0.91. However, our constructed model estimated 1.5 to 2.3 times larger than actual formaldehyde concentration. This is because the formaldehyde inflow we used were estimated by national report and the report assumed not to underestimate the formaldehyde inflow to the residual section for safety risk assessment. From the sight of the regulatory impact assessment, our long-term evaluation of formaldehyde concentration from 1970 to 2010 shows that the urea resin and melamine resin adhesive had been replaced with the phenol resin adhesive which includes less formaldehyde than urea/resin type just before 1997. Along with these replacements, formaldehyde inflows and concentrations has decreased.

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 Exhaust gas from earth-moving machinery is regulated using chamber tests for the engines installed in the machines. On the other hand, in line with the trends in on-road vehicles, measurements on exhaust gas emitted from working earth-moving machinery have been reported in Japan and other countries. The reliability of such measured values must be determined in order to discuss the magnitude, and measurement methods must be simplified in order to obtain much data on various machines in the future. This paper proposes using CO₂-based emission rate (g/kg-CO₂) to evaluate the amount of gas emissions, and choosing ‘Idling’ and ‘Grading (simulated work)’ when measuring working machines in order to improve the reliability of measured values and to simplify the measurement. It is predicted that measurement of 5 minutes of ‘Idling’ performed three times, and 60 cycles of ‘Grading (simulated work)’ performed three times by different machine operators can control the precision of estimated random errors of the measured NOx values to no more than 10% with 95% reliability.

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 The purpose of this study is to develop a technology assessment model coupled with impacts of shifting compact city, and to analyze contribution of distributed energy system, such as renewables and cogenerations, on reduction of CO₂ emissions through applying to a local city.
 In the research, the developed model has been applied to Koriyama city, Fukushima Prefecture. The analysis has been made based on two scenarios, Business as usual (BAU) scenario and compact city scenario. In the compact city scenario, we assumed that residential houses and commercial facilities will be gradually relocated to 13 city cores selected by the city. On the other hand, in the BAU scenario, there is no relocation over the analysis period.
 It is found from the result that, in the compact city scenario, 270 kilo-ton of CO₂ emissions could be reduced from the BAU scenario, which corresponds to 22.7% of CO₂ emissions in the residential and commercial sectors in 2010. The improvement of energy efficiency contributes reduction on 70 ktCO₂, and the rest of the reduction (200 ktCO₂) comes from installation of distributed energy system in the city. Based on the analysis, it is suggested that future land use change should be included into design of low carbon city scenario as well as assessing the suitability of distributed energy system for the city and region.
 Considering current trend in population decrease, many cities will face an issue of relocation and/or redesign of urban structure except for large cities such as Tokyo and Osaka. Under these circumstances, the study shows that shifting compact city might enhance the convenience of residents and companies but also could encouraging further greenhouse gas reductions.

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 When a city intends sustainable development, it needs to simultaneously solve multiple issues such as climate change, maintenance of infrastructure, adapting aged society, and other environmental restriction. “Compact city” has been recommended as a solution of those issues. In order to assess impact of compact land-use pattern from the view point of low-carbon society, we developed an operational methodology for analyzing future land-use change in a city. It combines macro-scale socio-economic model, which is projecting long-term direction of the society, and spatial land-use model, which describes spatial distribution of population and workers. The model was applied to hypothetical town and Koriyama city, Fukushima prefecture. Several scenarios with different pattern and strength of land-use intensification. The result suggests stronger intensification leads more introduction of distributed energy supply, however, too strong intensification may cause reduction of local transport systems such as car-sharing.

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 Urban sustainable development has been one of the most important issues in the global society, wherein industrial sector plays a critical role who not only contributes in mitigating global climate change but also promoting continuous economic growth so as to deal with the challenges of ageing and depopulation. The emerging methodology named Industrial Symbiosis (IS) provides a two-pronged approach to enhance the competitive advantages of products through exchanging byproducts and heat between nearby industries. However, geographic proximity and supply-demand matching are two critical factors affecting the benefits from implementing IS. This study aims to develop an assessment method to analyze the potential of waste heat exchange in an industrial park considering location changes of factories. The Shinchi-Soma region of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, is selected as case area where was suffered from the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 and now is in revitalization so that positive industrial policy and land use adjustment is practicable. Results indicate that the preference on inducing high heat demand factories for using more waste heat can indeed enlarge the CO₂ emission reduction but job creation is quite limited, while locating employee intensive factories can create more jobs but limit the CO₂ emission reduction. Consequently, local policies for industrial development should carefully adapt with this trade-off. It is expected to conduct a wide-area intergovernmental cooperation on optimal industrial locations for gaining double benefit in economic growth and environmental improvements.

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 Investigation of the influence on soil animal by chemical agents is important. OECD provides the test guidelines of acute toxicity test 207 (TG 207) using Eisenia fetida (earthworm).
 We performed 7-day acute toxicity tests using the artificial soil in reference to TG 207, and in this study tested three kinds of chemical agents such as Sumithion of agrochemical agent, Portland cement of soil improvement material, Calcium chloride of the melting snow agent. As a result, median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) for Eisenia fetida of 7-day was 0.418 mg/kg of Sumithion, 19.6 g/kg of Normal Portland cement, 22.1 g/kg of Calcium choloride. The cause of death is thought about each case, in sumithion Eisenia fetida was direct influence with the agent component, in Normal Portland cement they died by solidification and increase in pH, in Calucium chloride they died by water absoption. In addition, we compared the test result and the estimate concentration of each chemical agent spread on the soil.

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 We examined relationship between environmental factors and the density of a fleshwater snail, Semisulcospira libertina, which is main prey of a Genji firefly (Luciola cruciata) lavae at seven stations in Kawata River, Misato, Tokushima Prefecture. Moreover, we examined correlation between fleshwater snail density and observed number of Genji firefly. The results showed that the density of fleshwater snail was high on lentic site and positively correlated with water depth and rock size, while negatively correlated with the current velocity. River characteristics such as lentic, deep, and rocky substrate might be suitable for fleshwater snail habitat. Estimated densities of S. libertina were strongly correlated with the observed numbers of adult Genji firefly. To conserve Genji firefly, conservation of river environments for fleshwater snail habitats are also required.

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 In this research, a case study was carried out to obtain perspectives of facility improvement for a highly efficient municipal waste power generation plant in Kishiwada, which has a large amount of reserve capacity, in the process of future social change. First, we estimated effects of additional heat recovery technology implementation on the power generation efficiency based on heat balance analysis. Second, business feasibility was analyzed for facility improvement scenarios and extended waste collection including neighboring areas. Finally, we examined future appropriate scenarios of facility improvement perspectives including extended heat recovery and waste collection from the view point of power generation increase and cost reduction.

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 It has been very considerable interest in not only the mitigation policies for achievement of GHG (Greenhouses gas) reduction target at COP 21 but also the adoption policies for damage by global warming. The adoption policies are necessary to be evaluated by measuring the reduction damage costs as the benefits. However it has included some problems to estimate the damage costs by global warming, for example it is thought that the estimation of flood damage costs which is more serious by global warming is not necessarily accurate. In this paper, the accurate method of flood damage costs is shown by Ramsey optimal dynamic model based on Morisugi's research. And we build the dynamic CGE model based on the Ramsey model and evaluate the flood damage costs in Yamanashi Prefecture by numerical simulation. When the direct flood damage cost is 74 billion yen/year, household economic loss by being evaluated based on EV is calculated 121 billion yen/year, so the ratio become 1.692.

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