Abstract: Recently,
arsenic pollution in the ground water
has been widely found around the domestic waste disposal site of Suzuka City which is situated in central of Japan. In order to identify the
source of this pollution, we have investigated the ground water and leachate around this landfill site at 11 observation sites. Concentrations of the following parameters such pH, EC, arsenic, Cl ion and ionic balance were analyzed. The slight relationship between the arsenic, Cl ion and EC was found, however,
the source of the arsenic pollution was not apparent from the analysis on ionic
balance, and further investigations are
considered to be necessary.

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[in Japanese]

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We'll report the result which investigated the difference by the area and the gender of the recognition situation of the asbestos risk using net research.

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Authors had elucidated the reason why cesium (Cs) in bottom ash becomes hardly-soluble. From the observation by scanning electron microscope and polarization microscope, it was found that Cs accumulates at peripheral area of specific mineral. In its location, glassy amorphous phase formed and Cs was captured in it physically. However, from where the specific mineral was derived was not known. Was it contained in original waste subjected to combustion? Or was it formed from elements contained in the waste during combustion? In this study, origin of the specific mineral that captures Cs in bottom ash on the amorphous surface was investigated. Inorganic material such as clay etc. and organic matter such as paper, wood etc was selected as the samples subjected to the combustion. Cesium carbonate was added to these samples and then the samples were combusted. After combustion, residues were collected and thin section was created for microscopic analysis. As consequences, the following findings were obtained. Although clay samples captured Cs completely after combustion, these particles were too small compared to the specific mineral that was identified in the past study. When glass was heated with Cs, Cs accumulated at the edge of melted region.

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In this study, it is the research purpose to elucidate the behavior of stable Cs residing vehicles to waste landfill layer by examining the concentration and chemical form of stable.

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[in Japanese]

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Developed countries are facing climate change problems. Also solid waste
is expected to gradually increase. Incineration of waste is one the main
strategy to handle the generated solid waste. In this study, the contribution
of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incineration in CO₂ emission has been
identified. Plastic waste observed to have contributed the total solid waste of
about 18.3%. But their contribution on CO₂ emission showed more than
91% of both urban and rural areas. Separation of plastic before incineration
expected to have a significant effect on CO₂ emission reduction. CO₂
emissions during incineration of biomass materials such as food waste or wood
is considered to be zero. Food or wood materials during incineration obtained
the lower heating value because of their high moisture content. Therefore, to
increase the efficiency of incineration process, to remove or use fuel as
biomass of these is necessary.  

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A chemical compounds called greenhouse-gas is defined and limited at operating incinerator to make energy from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Despite the diversity of the greenhouse gases that real exist to environment, many countries used a few chemical compounds as greenhouse-gas to make their policy rule, therefore, it need to analysis to another compounds that could led to increase temperate on planet. In study, we aimed to calculate GWP of H₂S as odorous that IPCC didn’t focused, from that result we prepare to enhanced greenhouse gas ranges upcoming and research MSW treatment capacity in incinerator at Jeollabuk-do and finally estimated that greenhouse effect of H₂S. First using FT-IR, we obtained radiative forcing and H₂S GWP from Elrod’s spreadsheet. After performing, we made equations related with functions to GWP, chemical H₂S characteristics, throughput by waste statistics of government. As a result, CO₂ emissions (ton/year) converted from H₂S is shown to range of 0.001 ~ 1.583 tCO₂eq at Jeollabuk-do. According to estimation, it is considered that greenhouse-gas effect as H₂S to be small compared with total CO₂ emissions from Jeonju-si (201,298 tCO₂eq) and Iksan-si (48,959 tCO₂eq) incinerator through “greenhouse gas inventory & research center of Korea”.

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Yeongsan River, located at jeollanam-do, is one of four major rivers in Korea, having four dams on the upper stream for water for agricultural use and thirteen tributaries on the main stream. Submerged weirs are installed in the streams to maintain its water level or to gather water for the agricultural use, but due to the growing awareness of ecological conservation, these weirs are being removed to restore streams to their natural forms.Weirs cause a number of environmental problems: the blocking of ecological corridors, the forming of stagnant water, and the deteriorating of water quality due to stream channel sediments. This study aims at measuring the water quality of upper and lower streams near by the submerged weirs in Gwangju of Korea. Resulting measurements indicated that BOD, COD, and SS tended to be lower in the lower stream than in the upper stream and that the submerged weirs had no influence on T-N and T-P. Before the removal of non-functional weirs for the sake of improving water quality and restoring ecological corridors, a stream management plan should be provided after thoroughly examining the weir's full effect on the ecosystem.Key words : Submerged Weir, Environmental problem, ecological corridor, water quality

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Food waste disposer has been tried again in S. Korea. We examined the background and the considerations for the application of disposer in S. Korea. There are three considerations; disposer performance, plumbing design, and the method of wastewater treatment. Existed demonstration projects have not considered solid recovery. So, government set a new regulation of recovering more 80% of input solid or draining less 20% of input solid. In present, individual use of disposer with solid recovery kit has been accepted in law, however, that people use it without solid recovery kit is a problem. It needs to be converted to the use of apartment-building level for appropriate management and monitoring. New some demonstration projects has started including solid recovery concept and recycling solids on site or in existed recycling plants. However, present regulation of solid recovery rate is too strict, and so it is necessary to modify to the reasonable level.

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Since 1990s, the amount of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) in Korean increases because of rapid industrialization but most of MSW are treated by incineration and recycling recently for the shortage of Landfill. When the 1 tons of MSWI occur the fly ash (30~40 kg) and bottom ash (250~300 kg). Fly ash containing a large amount of dioxins and heavy metals is transported to the specified landfill as the designated waste, and bottom ash which has low hazardous materials relatively is moved to landfill or recycled. Worldwidely, researches related road packaging material or insulating material recycling bottom ash are progressing. And also many studies have used bottom ash as cement additives such as components of the clinker (lime/partial substitutes of clay), sand/gravel mixture of alternative substances, or inactive filler concrete. In Korea, the studies utilizing the ash have been actively performed for recycling bottom ash as bricks or aggregates. Specially, the main components of bottom ash are similar to those of the cement so that, the recycling bottom ash becomes important. The goal of this study is to provide an economical pre-processing and to arrange a basis data for bottom ash recycling in S city in order to reduce the amount of landfilling waste

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Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) is known as one of the most attractive method of waste treatment, which is to reduce the waste volume and avoid the landfill. The purpose of this study is to figure out the low heating value (LHV) and ash content of the MBT residue. The effect of the additional separation against the MBT residue on the reduction of landfill waste was also discussed. The MBT residue was sieved experimentally. The potential heat as LHV and ash content of the separated fractions of the residue were determined. LHV of all separated fraction were lower than the criteria (>17 MJ/kg) of Refuse derived fuel (RDF) for using cement industries. Ash content of all separated fractions were higher than the criteria (< 20%) of RDF. The results indicated that the sieved fractions could not be used as RDF directly. Fractions of 40mm, 20mm, 10mm on the sieve and 2mm passing the sieve could be used as fuel material by combining with RDF product. It was suggested that the additional separation against the MBT residue using 10mm mesh sieve was the most contribute to reduction of the landfill waste and increase of RDF production in this experimental condition.

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With International Minamata Convention on Mercury agreed in 2013, the chemical is gaining global concerns due to its persistence in the environment and negative effects on human health. Thus, it is important to properly manage mercury-containing products such as fluorescent lamps after use. In 2013, approximately 150 million units of mercury-containing fluorescent lamps were put on the market in Korea. However, only 42 million units of fluorescent lamps were collected and properly disposed in the same year. Often times, it is very difficult to determine the distribution channels and disposal pathway of fluorescent lamps. In this study, we studied mass flow of mercury in used fluorescent lamps that are regulated by the extended producer responsibility (EPR) system in Korea. Substance flow of mercury in the lamps was estimated by material flow analysis (MFA). The MFA methodology is an analytical method of quantifying flow and stocks of materials or substances in a well-defined system based on mass balance approach.

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PET bottles as a recyclable source have been collected separately by local governments in Japan. For efficient PET bottles recycling, the users are encouraged to complete cap removal, label removal, washing bottles and crushing bottles with respect to PET bottles.However, the quality of collected PET bottles is always bad because some of PET bottles are unwashed, caps and labels are not removed, and other wastes are mixed.The authors considered such bad quality was caused by psychological reasons. This means that the users feel unwillingness to do such recycle-friendly actions like cap removal and it discourage the users from completing the actions. The authors developed a new method to evaluate unwillingness which people feel when they complete recycle-friendly actions. In this paper, unwillingness of cap removal, label removal, bottle washing, bottle crushing, and their combined actions were reported.In conclusion,People feel stronger unwillingness when they complete several recycle-friendly actions together than one by one. Unwillingness of several actions shows accelerated increase rather than simple additivity of unwillingness. This psychological effect should be considered when PET bottle collection system, in particular requested actions to the people, is designed.

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Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is considered to be one of the serious environmental
and public health issues confronting local government units (LGU) in the Philippines. Daily waste generation in the country is estimated as 39,422 tonnes in 2015 and is expected to double by 2025 due to rapid urbanisation and economic growth. Related to this, the Republic Act (RA) 9003 (otherwise known as the Philippines Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000) was enacted providing an institutional framework and policy guidelines to create systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management (ESWM) programmes within LGUs. However, its implementation and compliance at the LGU level is still very limited and challenging even though more than a decade has passed since the law was enacted. Based on the experience of three case study cities, this paper demonstrates that policy formulation at the national government level does not necessarily guarantee its implementation at the LGU level. Effective implementation of RA 9003 is therefore dependent upon a degree of political commitment/leadership; supportive institutional/organisational framework and structures; technical and
financial capacity; development of strong partnerships among different stakeholders, and adequate incentives and enforcement systems. Thus, technical capacity, financial and incentive systems are recommended.

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Municipal solid waste incineration air pollution control (APC) residues contain high level of soluble salts (e.g. chlorides), heavy metals (e.g. Hg, Cd, Pb, etc.) and persistent organic pollutants (PHAs, dioxins, etc.) and, thus, they are considered as hazardous waste. Recent research on weathering or aging of fly ash has demonstrated that this treatment can possibly decrease the leaching of heavy metals, making it suitable for either landfilling or reusing. However, there are still several issues regarding this technology that need to be clarified, such as the optimum conditions for heavy metal immobilization and the mechanisms involved. Thus, this paper aims to report on the state of the art research on the weathering of APC residues that are currently available in the literature and discuss the topics that need to be addressed in the future.

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This study reports on the challenges to a model of resilient and adaptable SWM against flood in Asian tropical/pluvial countries, in order to adapt to frequent flood events that would be influenced by climate change. Collapse of Solid waste management by sudden natural disasters will directly lead to collapse of city. Here we have summarized some cases of flood waste handlings in tropical Asian cities that were attacked by flood disasters recently. Mega-scale city like Bangkok should have enough capacity to handle of flood waste though the inundation of some part of capital must be a considerable worst situation. In contrast, small and medium scale cities easily lost their ability to administrate under flooding situation if the prepared ness was not sufficient. Situation of "vulnerable" against to flood must be improved for quick recovery from disaster, and waste management systems is also expected to be more resilient. The goal of this study is to draw a scheme of guidance to improve or upgrade the solid waste management system in middle or small scale cities that leads the cities to be resilient against to flood.

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Organic and inorganic waste shall be separated by the generators in the model areas of source separation in Hanoi, Vietnam. This study aimed to monitor the current condition of source separation of organic waste discharged from households. We sampled the waste discharged from 558 households in the model areas of source separation and analyzed the physical composition of each sample to monitor whether citizens appropriately separated and discharged household waste in accordance with the guideline. Out of 558 households, 77 households (14%) disposed of waste separately into two types, 297 households (33%) disposed of mixed waste into green containers, and 184 households (53%) disposed of mixed waste into orange containers. About 42% by weight of inorganic waste was contained in the containers for organic waste collection. One-third of waste disposed of as organic waste by separators was an inorganic waste. More than a half of non-biodegradable waste by weight was disposed of by separators as organic waste, even though it was categorized as inorganic waste according to the rule of source separation.

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Over the last years, Palestine has suffered due to unstable political and economic situation, resulting in years of inadequate infrastructure investment and poor provision of public services to the people of Palestine. The provision of standards of the Joint Service Councils (JSCs) for solid waste management leads the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) to privatize some of infrastructure projects and public services in order to upgrade the level of services. Now, 54% of JSCs have already held some sort of public-private partnership (PPP) in the fields of waste collection & transportation, sanitary landfill operation, recyclables sorting, composting, and material recycling. Promotional and inhibiting factors for developing PPP is discussed.

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Waste generation and its management has become a niche spot in recent years. Rapid urbanization and population growth are the main responsible for very high increasing rate of waste generation in densely populated least developed countries. 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) is one of the best approach to minimize the amount of waste from generation to disposal. The main objective of this study is to create a better understanding and performance of 3R. This article also identifies the economic and business opportunities of 3R with the approach of circular economy addresses the effective resource utilization and its management. 

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The experimental procedure starts with selecting the company where wood pallet are the main products. In order to analyze the degree of oxidation of waste wood, TMS measurements used to analysis the oomponent.
As a result, waste wood is finally determined by using the previously obtained data and calcuated values were more than 99.9% for all samples. The obtained data through this study will be able us to develope a more consistent and reliable country-specific emission based on calculation methods.

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Synthesized ZSM-5 zeolite with large pore surface structures and modified with ethylenediamine (EDA) were used to achieve high CO₂ adsorption capacity from the gas stream. The effect of alkali earth metals, granite, bentonite and starch on the porosity and crystallinity of zeolite has been studied. The maximum amine adsorption in synthesized zeolite obtained was 450 mg/g of zeolite. The CO₂ capture process was investigated when the zeolite contained 70 %, 50 % and 10% of amine in the presence of 2 % and 5% water at the constant temperature of 75^oC. The highest CO₂ adsorption capacity obtained was 6.13 mmol/g of synthesized ZSM-5 containing 70% EDA and 5% water. During the adsorption experiment, no drawback caused by filling the surface pores of zeolite was observed which indicates larger internal channels and well distributed pores on the surface of synthesized zeolite. Following the adsorption, MW energy was used to remove the adsorbed CO₂ for the effective reuse of the adsorbents. Desorption efficiency reached 100% for the samples containing 70 % and 50 % EDA after 9 and 13 min of MW irritation, while the maximum desertion rate obtained was 60 % for the sample containing 10 % of EDA. 

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MSWI fly ash contain calcium so it can be use as feedstock of mineral carbonation. In this work, calcium carbonate production using MSWI fly ash as Ca source by indirect carbonation was investigated.

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CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is one of the best technology for carbon dioxide reduction. MEA (Monoethanolamine) is widely used absorbent in chemical absorption. We are trying to convert carbon dioxide into calcium carbonate using MEA absorbent and industrial waste which is desulfurization gypsum. The main objective of this research is to investigate possibility of calcium carbonate salts formation by converting carbon dioxide into ionic state and using metal cation extracted from desulfurization gypsum.

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An efficient collection and recycling system is a key for sustainable environmental management of electronic waste (e-waste). Over the last decade, several new waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management systems have been applied globally. However, many developing countries still face difficulties to establish a formal e-waste collection and recycling system. In this study, we compare four different WEEE recycling systems in East Asia (China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan). Their background of the implementation, stakeholders’ responsibilities, outcome of related policies and programs and future development of each system were analyzed. Data from each system (collection rate, per capita collection rate, and material recovery rate etc.) was used for evaluating their system performance. Our preliminary result shows that Taiwan and Japanese home appliance recycling system have high collection rate of large home appliances while the Korean system has a high collection rate for small appliances. Because of the low collection rate of Japanese PC recycling system, it needs system reform to establish incentive mechanisms for producers to collect more end-of-life PCs. The common difficulty associated with the implementation is to organize efficient collection and organize a system separately from the conventional waste management system including the competition against the informal sector.

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In recent decades, remarkable development in field of electronic industry has arisen needs of light-weight, portable design. Occurrence of the electronic devices is strongly associated with development and enhancement of batteries. Batteries are generally categorized into primary (non-chargeable) and secondary (rechargeable) forms. Primary batteries include alkalis-manganese battery, mercury battery, lithium battery, and others. In Korea, used batteries such as lithium battery, Ni-Cd battery, and silver oxide cell have been managed by the extended producer responsibility (EPR) policy since 2003, while in 2008 manganese battery, alkaline manganese cell, and Ni-MH battery were included to stimulate recycling of the waste from consumers and to simultaneously reduce of their negative effects on the environment. This study presents current recycling and management practices of used batteries, especially focusing on material flow, recycling processes, and physical and financial responsibility of used batteries in Korea. The data required for this study was collected from literature review, statistical data provided by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE), discussion with the experts, survey and field visits to the local government and recycling facilities.

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Recently environmental pollution and resource depletion have been rapidly progressing all around the world. Construction Industries are becoming the cause of improvement of environmental loads as they discharge large amount of construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) and consume heavy resource compared with other industries. Since the mid-1990s, C&D waste materials have been rapidly increasing due to the revitalization of reconstruction, redevelopment and development of new urbanization in Korea. Thus, various studies have attempted to establish the proper C&D waste management plan. C&D waste materials are typically separated by their characteristics and recycled as a priority treatment method in accordance with government treatment guidelines. According to the Korea Ministry of Environment (Korea MOE) statistics, recycling rate of construction was 97.5% in 2013. However, the recycling rate presented by statistics of the Korea MOE is calculated by the amount of waste incoming to a recycling facility, not actual recycling rate after the recycling processes. In order to understand the actual recycling rate of C&D waste at the national level, it is important to examine the processes of C&D waste recycling facilities and determine mass flow through material flow analysis (MFA).

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This study aims to recycle FA as a soil amendment material to improve water holding capacity of the soil, which might solve both FA management problem and desertification problem at the same time. The authors investigated the effect of raw coal fly ash amendment on water holding capacity (WHC) of decomposed granite soil (DGS) and akatama soil (AS). Soil particle size dependency of FA amending effect was focused on. Drying experiments were conducted at room temperature and 40 ºC. The weights of the samples were measured every hour to monitor water retention. The experiments were repeated three times to check experimental errors. One-sided Welch's t-test with 5% significance level was used to check the significant differences in data. The results showed that the relationship between the particle size and WHC was non-linear. Highest WHC appeared in certain range of particle size and it depended on soil type. WHC of both pure soils and FA-amended soils have size dependency. In some cases, WHC differences among different size ranges are regarded as statistically significant by Welch’s t-test. In addition, the size dependency of WHC also depends on the temperature.  

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The raw eggs do not corrupt at room temperature due to the function of the eggshell membrane (ESM) for a few days unless you crack it. Focusing this functionality, we tried the application to maintain quality of the other food. In this study, we found a novel function as the food additive which can inhibit coloration degradation that occur due to the deterioration of the processed food.
We used Avocado because its deterioration from the enzymatic browning due to tyrosinase is fast. It is consist of two experiments. First, the surface of the pulps were covered with ESM, and then the degradation tendency was visually observed. As a result, the ESM showed ability of controlling coloration and deterioration of it Avocado. Next, using the known characteristics of ESM’s adsorption properties, a water-soluble organic pigment was adsorbed into an ESM and performed the similar examination. In consequence t, the effects of adsorbed organic pigments and ESM functioned synergistically and inhibited the browning of the food. To clarify the reasons behind this result, enzyme activity test regarding ESM’s component, using tyrosinase was conducted and clear activity inhibition was confirmed.
As a conclusion, it was confirmed that ESM has three abilities, which are adsorbing melanin, storing and releasing adsorbed additives, and ability of indicating components eluted in water. The inhibition of coloration degradation is ascribed to these fused three functions.These functionalities are not only in the preservation of food’s quality, but it also was thought can be applied as a low toxicity supplement that can contribute to the cosmetics.

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Copper-basedcommunication cables have been widely used worldwide in sound signal
transmission and (ultrahigh speed) internet communication services by the major
Korean domestic and international cable manufacturers.  With depreciation of the copper-based
communication cables they are being replaced with fiber optics communication
cables and the waste copper-based communication cables are accumulating in
Korea, totaling approximately 10000 tons in 2008 including more than 6500 tons
of jelly-filled cable waste¹⁾.  High purity copper comprises more than 70% by
weight of the waste jelly cable and the recyclable quantity of copper therefrom
is estimated to be 4000 tons per annum.  Copper nano-powders are highly regarded as
functional materials for optical,catalytic, electrical and electronic applications owing to
their excellent electrical and thermal conductivities²⁾.  In the present study, a novel process
for wire explosion in oleic acid has been studied for fabrication of nano-sized
copper powders without particle agglomeration, formation of oxides and carbides.

 

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This study focus on the effect of surface structure on synthesized zeolite on the ammonia and sulfur compounds adsorption performance. Three type of zeolite with different physical and chemical characteristics has been used in this study. Experimental result showed the maximum ammonia adsorption capacity of the synthesis obtained as 0.383g/g while sulfur compound (mercaptan) showed the maximum adsorption of 0.271 g/g. Furthermore, microwave with power up to 500W was used to remove the pollutants from zeolites. Quick desorption (15min) has obtained for both ammonia and mercaptan from the zeolite structure. The results showed that the studied zeolites had high adsorption rate and fast desorption performance.     

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Bioenergy is one of the most promising energy among alternative and renewable energies. Bioenergy is the carbon neutral and sustainable energy. Fast pyrolysis process is performed about 500 celsius without oxygen. And it needs very short vapor residence time less than two seconds. In the process, rapid quenching of volatiles is very important for the pyrolyzed oil yield and quality. Hence, in the present study, fast pyrolysis of biomass was performed with respect to reaction temperature in a rectangular bubbling fluidized bed. And the comparison between two types of condensers was investigated. From the results, Geodae-Uksae 1 has potential as an alternative energy source.

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Pyrolysis is a thermochemical conversion technology to produce bio-char, bio-oil and bio-gas through the thermal decomposition of biomass under anoxic conditions. The aim of this study is investigated producing the bio-oil, bio-char, and non-condensable gas from lignocellulosic biomass via slow pyrolysis at different temperatures. Chemical composition of bio-oil is analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Bio-char, the residue of pyrolysis, was mainlyconverted to activated carbon. Activated carbon is used for purification of wastewater and removal of air pollutants.

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The amount of food waste in Korea is increasing every year. Despite food waste contain a large amount of valuable organic resources, its recycling is low because of high moisture contents and sodium.
In this study, biochar was produced by Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) that is one of the thermal decomposition methods. HTC is a method of carbonization with water-containing of biomass in a completely sealed reactor. So, It is advantageous process for treatment of food waste in Korea. At this moment, the bio-char produced in the hydrothermal carbonization reactor of pilot scale, was studied whether or not in the grinding of the food waste.

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