[in Japanese]

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This study surveys the present state of waste prevention behaviors on advatising materials by using internet monitor questionnair. It also investigate the acceptability of these behaviors. Results are as follows; 1. More than 80 percent of the people do not take the action for reducing unsolicited mails and there is large room for improvement. About 20 percent reject most bills of expenditures by card etc., but about half does not reject them. Those who put 'No thanks' -sticker for unsolicited mail on their mailbox are about 5 percent. 2. Average of received unsolicited mails is 3.1 per week per se. Average of received bills of expenditures is 3.3 per month per se. But this figure might be overestimated. 3. About 20 percent of people are not take any actions for reducing unsolicited mails and bills of expenditures, but can take some actions. It will result in 700 mil. unsolicited mails and 260 mil. bills of expenditure reduction. Those who can newly reduce receiving handout would be also about 20 percent. Ratio of those who put 'No thanks' -sticker for unsolicited mail on their mailbox could increase to 35 percent.

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[in Japanese]

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Monthly monitoring of disposable lighter washed up on the beaches of Tottori, Japan, was carried out from April 2004 to December 2010. Detailed information from the lighters, including addresses and phone numbers, was used to determine specific locations of the origins. A total of 27,968 lighters were collected, of which 6.1%, 10.8% and 10.3% originated from Japan, Korea, and China-Taiwan, respectively. These proportions of lighter origins are very different from the proportions of PET bottle origins based on the monitoring simultaneously with the lighters, because the consumption of the lighters printed with characters is different in the respective regions. On the comparison in limited areas, the detailed address information of lighters is very useful. On the basis of the ascertainment of a few disorders of addresses caused by people coming and going, it is indicated that the lighters from western Korea and southern Kyushu are rarely drift into the Sea of Japan and floating lighters rarely drift from coastal zones into the open sea and rarely drift against the Tsushima Current. These results suggest that the effectiveness of local measures to reduce the consumer wastes into the sea could be evaluated by monitoring the origins of disposable lighter on beaches.

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[in Japanese]

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I propose an economic model of a consumer who reduces a garbage after using goods and a producer who collects and recycles the garbage properly, and derive the continuous demand and supply curves with either sign of the collection fee. Then I point out three factors which can turn bads into goods and analyze each character.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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The actual status on the usage of "station" collection point by elderly households was analyzed based on the load amount of waste set-outs for combustible waste bag in one district in Fukuoka city, Japan. As a result, it was guessed that the permissible value existed in the load amount of waste set-outs, and the change in the waste set-outs such as multi using a smaller capacity of waste bag when about 50 meters of moving distance was exceeded to decrease the waste set-outs load. The maximum value was 1,076.1(kgm/household/week) and extremely high values were indicated from the complicated road shape on the narrow width roads. It may be necessary for such elderly households to improve the waste collection and transportation course or the location of the waste collection point.

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[in Japanese]

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Many municipalities have achieved effects for reducing household waste by implementation of changes system and change of collection rules. However, few studies examined whether such system change influences reducing and reusing behavior. This study explored the effects of system change on 2R and related behaviors in terms of social networks with the case study of Sapporo. A mail-out survey was carried out, in which 1,500 residents were randomly sampled and obtained 53% of response rate. Results showed that waste putting behavior and recycling behavior by group (community) collection are related to networks in the community, while reuse behavior was related to networks in the outside community. Furthermore, recycling at the supermarkets was related to both networks in and outside the community. It was discussed that social networks in and outside community might be important for leading 2R behavior through change in the rule of household waste collection.

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[in Japanese]

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Our investigation of two EPR and waste management programs in California, U.S. revealed two common features: involvement of the state government is small, and the establishment of concrete recycling/waste management systems is to a large extent left in the hands of entities who have direct responsibility for their implementation. Based on the degree of government involvement, we categorized recycling and waste management systems in which two entities - producers and municipalities - are engaged, and analysed their strengths and weaknesses. Our finding indicates that much government involvement does not necessarily mean that producer's obligation becomes larger. Further study is needed to examine how to enhance the effectiveness of a program while maintaining its strengths: flexibility and lessened burdens of the government.

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[in Japanese]

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A small municipality often owns a small scale incinerator because of the principle of self-management in the respective territories. However, a large scale incinerator would be preferable if the dioxin generation mechanism is to be considered. Moreover, the amount of combustible waste is expected to decrease with increased recycling rate and aging of society. Accordingly, municipalities in contiguous areas should cooperate mutually by using a large-scale incinerator in the future. To evaluate the effect of concentration of large-scale incinerators, I created a Geographic Information System based database of combustible waste generation at town level in Shizuoka prefecture. Focusing on low utilization rate of incinerators in Shizuoka city and superannuated incinerators in Shida area which is next to Shizuoka City, I evaluated the effect of energy balance and CO2 emissions in a case where combustible waste in Shida area is brought into the incinerators of Shizuoka city. My results showed the amount of diesel oil consumption and CO2 emissions increased because the mileage distance of garbage trucks becomes longer. However, utilization rate of incinerators and waste-to-energy recovery amount are improved. From these standpoints, I concluded that the concentration of large-scale waste incinerators is better compared to a single municipality-based incinerator.

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The new Malaysia modern city, Putrajaya is being developed rapidly according to the transfer of central government functions from capital city Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia government is planning to make Putrajaya the showcase city for 'Pioneer Township in Green Technology' through 'Putrajaya Green City 2025' preliminary study. As part of '3R Putrajaya' that tackles solid waste management, with the target to reduce half of both landfilled waste amount and GHG emission from waste management counter measures compare to the BaU (Business as Usual) case, we developed planning on low carbon collection and treatment of municipal solid waste using GIS software. Base on seven scenario options of waste treatment in 2025, waste transportation route, distance, GHG emission, and cost were calculated. Each scenario options were compared and the best alternative for low carbon waste transportation was proposed.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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As an effect of the biomass utilization, regional activation is expected in addition to substitution of fossil resources and restraint of the global warming. Authors are final by the quantitative analysis of the effect of the regional activation by the biomass utilization and establishment of the strategic drafting technique; is intended. In this report, we describe a result of identification of regional activation factors in the biomass utilization cases and schematization of their causation. At first, the regional activation factors were extracted with consideration of agricultural biomass, sewage sludge and woody biomass. Then, we carried out the workshop which took KJ method into account to clarify causation of the biomass utilization and the regional activation. Three loops were formed in a diagram of causation obtained by the workshop. The elements concerned with more than two loops are "regional economy", "securing of residential population" and" improvement of inhabitants satisfaction", they can be regarded as particularly important evaluation index in consideration of regional activation.

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[in Japanese]

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There are many problems in the export of E-wastes from developed country to developing country, such as potential environmental pollutions or the exports of non-reusable in the name of reusing. Since informal collection of EOL goods is considered the origin of these trades, both domestic and international regulations are needed to establish sound material cycles. However, there are few quantitative studies about impacts of the policies, because it is difficult to understand and model the behavior of the informal collection. The purpose of our study is to quantify the impacts of the policies on home appliance recycling system, through the multi-agent simulation. The conclusions are the following two. First, the impact of the eco-point system of end-of-life home appliances was quantified, and it was proved that the system makes huge contribution to the formalizing of recycling behavior of consumers. Second, the behavior of informal collectors was modelled, and it made possible to include the flows outside of the recycling system by the recycling law into our simulation model.

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[in Japanese]

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The purpose of this text is to clarify the characteristic in the source of the corporate value creation because it especially pays attention to the evaluation of the materials recycling in the environmental strategy of the enterprise that intends a high performance in an uncertain age of recent years, and it analyzes it empirically. Various proofs has already been performed about the redcap hypothesis that the environmental control stimulates the technical improvement and the competitiveness of the company rises inside and outside the country, and financial data of the environment management degree investigation and the listed company intended for the domestic manufacturing from 2005 to 2010 is used here. The relation between an evaluation performance and a financial performance concerning the materials recycling is analyzed by various cuts, and the grasp of a basic theory for modeling and the further validation of the hypothesis by the double check are tried from the trend and the pattern of each enterprise. It is thought that the result of the trend analysis clarified here is useful in the meaning of supplementing a part of essential information to make the position of the enterprise in the sustainable society.

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In recent years, sewage sludge has been utilized as energy resources while volume reduction and material recycle was dominant previously. However, it is not sufficient to evaluate various energy conversion technologies and material and coat balance. Therefore, in this study, firstly energy and CO2 balance were evaluated for carbonization, drying and granulation, pyrolysis gasification technologies, with and without digestion. In addition, energy, CO2 and cost balance were examined for utilization of granulated sludge fuel in coal-fired power generation plants. As a result, it was revealed that only granulation,and pyrolysis gasification showed positive values in energy and CO2 balances. In the case of utilization of the granulated sludge fuel in coal-fired power generation plants, it was suggested that cost balance was negative in most cases while sludge supply was ahead of energy demand under constraint of the mix rate.

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Present status and challenges of solid waste management in Iraq are summarized as following eight points: 1) Capacity of waste collection/transportation varies among cities, but in general the activities are going to be privatized, which means an enhancement of administrative capacity (contract management) of local government is required. 2) Sanitary landfills have been constructing in Baghdad, Kirkuk, Arbil, and Dahuk, but other cities are still using open dump sites. 3) No intermediate treatment is applied in the solid waste management system. 4) The National Solid Waste Management Plan has been planned under the support of international donor, but action plans and institutional setups in provincial and municipal levels have not yet established. 5) Capacity enhancement of local government is necessary in particular in law-enforcement for controlling industrial wastes. 6) Technical improvement of health-care waste treatment method is required. 7) Human resource development for implementing solid waste management is insufficient in local governments, where intensive capacity building program is required. 8) Promotions of people's cooperation/participation to solid waste management and environmental education are future challenges for establishing a better solid waste management in Iraq.

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A tendency that waste collection rate increases in accordance with the economic growth level in four African countries was identified, based on the study which were carried out in those countries (Tunisia, Senegal, Ethiopia and Rwanda) in 2010. However the states of social capital as well as private sector activities are variation factors for the tendency. Present study also identified that waste management is actually implemented to a certain degree in cities with large population. In African countries whose economic growth level isn't high, their capacity looks insufficient and their waste management isn't appropriate enough due to the constraint of resources. Especially, cities whose population scale isn't large, situation of waste management tends to be serious. The problem of waste management is directly linked with sanitation problem. International cooperation activities will be required for supporting their capacity development in waste management based on given economic growth level and population scale.

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This study shows that the waste management improves not only cleaning the area but also public security. It also aims to motivate a local government and the community, by showing the effect of improving the public security.

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[in Japanese]

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