Soil Microorganisms

[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 32 Pages 1-2
Published: October 01, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18946/jssm.32.0_1

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Detection and control of microorganisms in the field in relation to environmental release of recombinants

Hidenori WADA

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 32 Pages 3-13
Published: October 01, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18946/jssm.32.0_3

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For the release of microbial strains including recombinants, appropriate methods to detect and control the strains and their DNA in the field, especially in the soil, are a prerequisite. For the control of microorganisms in the field, it is important to study their life cycle in their natural micro habitats. This implies that microbial autecology should be developed to the level of "molecular ecology" whereby the morphology and physiology of each microbial strain are defined at the molecular level. A series of experiments on the detection and control of microorganisms in the soil is currently being carried out using P. paucimobilis BHC^+ with a view to solving the problems associated with the release of recombinants in the environment and in relation to general microbiology. The results obtained are as follows: (1) This strain was able to grow rapidly even in nonsterile soils by completely decomposing BHC without disturbing the microflora of the soils. (2) A few cells of this strain in one gram of nonsterile soil could be easily and accurately detected. (3) Populations of this strain in nonsterile soils could be readily controlled. In addition, the genes responsible for the BHC-decomposition ability will be analysed, to clarify their fate in the field, and to utilize them as markers for other microorganisms.

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Genetic Manipulation and Agricultural Use of Ice Nucleation-Active Bacteria

Kokichi TAKAHASHI

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 32 Pages 15-23
Published: October 01, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18946/jssm.32.0_15

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Since ice nucleation-active (INA) bacteria inducing frost injury of plants were discovered by MAKI et al. in 1974, a large number of studies have been carried out. Here we reviewed the studies on the general characteristics and ecology of INA bacteria, as well as molecular cloning of INA genes, construction of genetically engineered INA minus strains and application to the prevention of frost injury, etc.

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Gene Technology and Application to Agriculture of Bacillus thuringiensis Insecticidal Protein

Michio HIMENO

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 32 Pages 25-31
Published: October 01, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18946/jssm.32.0_25

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Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterium pathogenic to insects which produces a crystalline protein body(CPB). CPB consists of a delta-endotoxin which is toxic to either lepidopteran, dipteran, or coleopteran larvae. The delta-endotoxin causes the swelling of the insect cells but a mosquitocidal delta-endotoxin is also toxic to mammalian cells and suckling mice. Na^+ or K^+ (monovalent cation) is an essential factor for the cell swelling induced by the toxin. The delta-endotoxin genes were cloned from various subspecies of B. thuringiensis and the base sequences were analyzed. The genes were incorporated into the chromosomes of root-colonizing bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Agrobacterium radiobacter) to produceroot-colonizing microbial pesticides. Moreover, the truncated genes were incorporated into plant expression vector by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic tomato and tobacco plants containing delta-endotoxin genes produced the insecticidal protein which protects from the feeding damage being caused by the insects.

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Genetic manipulation in Pseudomonas syringae and its application to agriculture

Mamoru SATO

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 32 Pages 33-39
Published: October 01, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18946/jssm.32.0_33

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Recent developments of molecular genetics relating to pathogenicity factors in Pseudomonas syringae pathovars, such as pv. atropurpurea, pv. savastanoi, pv. phaseolicola, pv. syringae and pv. glycinea were reviewed. Coronatine production of pv. atropurpurea is controlled by plasmid genes of this bacterium. The plasmid designated as pCOR1 was excluded at a high frequency in plants or by co-cultivation with plant cells, along with the loss of pathogenicity. Moreover, fertility profiles of P. syringae pathovars including pv. tabaci, pv. mori, pv. tomato, pv. lachrymans, etc. were described. The plasmid pBPW1 of pv. tabaci was highly conjugative and affected the antigen alteration of a strain of pv. atropurpurea. The plasmid was also able to mobilize the pCOR1 plasmid into avirulent strains of pv. atropurpurea in mating experiments in planta, indicating that virulence genes were transferred between isolates of plant pathogenic pseudomonads.

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Gene Cloning in Streptomyces

Kiyotaka MIYASHITA

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 32 Pages 41-48
Published: October 01, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18946/jssm.32.0_41

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Streptomyces are gram-positive soil bacteria that undergo a complex cycle of morphological differentiation. Their genome consists of single circular chromosomes whose size is approximately 10^4 kb. As they produce various kinds of antibiotics, they have attracted the attentions of researchers for many years. Recently, recombinant DNA techniques in Streptomyces have been developed and gene cloning has made it possible to carry out the experiments with Streptomyces which were impossible before. In the first part of this article, detailed accounts on the cloning experiments are given. The factors which should be considered in selecting host strains and vectors are listed. Genome fluidity of streptomycetes has been studied extensively. Most of the Streptomyces plasmids possess a transfer function, which contributes to the exchange of genetic information between strains. Some important phenotypic traits can be lost due to extensive deletions including structural genes for phenotypic traits studied along with considerable amplification of genome segments. In studying the mechanism of integration of the plasmid SCP1 into the S. coelicolor chromosome, a sequence of about 2kb was found to be present both on the S. coelicolor chromosome and on SCP1. This DNA segment was found to be transposable. The role of genome fluidity in the ecology, taxonomy and evolution of Streptomyces is discussed.

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 32 Pages 49-
Published: October 01, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18946/jssm.32.0_49_1

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 32 Pages 49-50
Published: October 01, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18946/jssm.32.0_49_2

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 32 Pages 51-
Published: October 01, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18946/jssm.32.0_51

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 32 Pages 52-
Published: October 01, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18946/jssm.32.0_52_1

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 32 Pages 52-53
Published: October 01, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18946/jssm.32.0_52_2

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
1988 Volume 32 Pages 53-54
Published: October 01, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: May 31, 2017

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.18946/jssm.32.0_53

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