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Yasuhito Sakakibara, Nobuyasu Takami, Tsutomu Aragaki, Ikuho Yamada, S ...
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
909-915
Published: September 10, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 12, 2009
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Numerical simulation of a falling-strand devolatilizer used in a commercial process for polystyrene production is carried out, applying the Galerkin finite-element method. The residual concentration of styrene monomer in polystyrene calculated with the diffusivity of styrene in molten polystyrene is compared with that obtained in commercial plants. The diffusivities observed are 10 to 30 times larger than those in molten polystyrene. The parameter ε which represents the ratio of effective diffusivity observed
Deff to liquid-phase diffusivity
DL as
ε=
Deff/
DLis introduced into the numerical model and correlated with the operating conditions of the devolatilizer and the characteristics of the polymer processed. Then it is possible to evaluate the performance of the devolatilizer numerically. The acceleration observed in actual plants is considered to be predominantly due to vapor bubbles of styrene monomer.
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Hironao Ogura, Mitsutoshi Miyazaki, Hitoki Matsuda, Masanobu Hasatani, ...
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
916-923
Published: September 10, 1991
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From the viewpoint of utilizing the energy, the authors applied the Ca(OH)
2/CaO reversible thermochemical reaction to a chemical heat pump. The total efficiency of the present chemical heat pump was investigated experimentally by focusing on improving the heat transfer rate in the solid reactant particle bed in the chemical heat pump, reactor.
It was found that the heat transfer rate in the reactor during both heat-release and heat-absorbing processes was greatly enhanced without any drop in the heat storage density by applying a passive heat transfer augmentaion technique, in which copper fins were radially inserted in the reactant bed.
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Yasushi Tomisaka, Yasuo Tanaka, Eiji Nakanishi
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
924-930
Published: September 10, 1991
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For a self-reflux internal heat-integrated distillation system with a heat pump (SR-HID), a calculation procedure is presented that gives minimum reflux ratios and minimum flow rates of the heat pump as a function of the volatilities of components contained in the feed, the compositions of the feed, distillate and residue, and the liquid extraction ratios of the separated fractions.
Simulation results for the binary system of nitrogen and oxygen indicates that the present procedure provides reasonable minimum flow rates of the heat pump for various feed compositions and various liquid extraction rates of the separated fractions. This suggests that the procedure presented is useful for the design calculation of the SR-HID system.
The simulation results also prove that the system is adaptable to various feed compositions and liquid extraction rates of the separated fractions.
Optimization procedures are also discussed and guidelines to minimize the energy requirements for the SR-HID system are presented.
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Takashi Mano, Shinjiro Mitsuda, Eitaro Kumazawa, Gosei Kawanishi, Shin ...
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
931-936
Published: September 10, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 12, 2009
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Addition of gelatin powder in urethane prepolymer formed a more porous polyurethane layer and resulted in elevation of antibody production. The optimum gelatin concentration was between 0.1 and 0.2%. In perfusion culture with the immobilized cell beads, the yield of antibody produced to glucose consumed was 1.5-fold higher than that in flask experiments. Furthermore, the antibody production rate in perfusion culture was 300 μg/cm
3-bead/day, which was about 9-fold that in flask experiments. Viable number of cells after 50 days cultivation was estimated as about 1×10
7 cell/cm
3 -bead. The immobilized cell beads in the fluidized-bed reactor allowed continuous production of anti-erythropoietin antibody over 50 days without any disintegration. The cells leaked from the immobilized beads were about 2% of total viable cells in the reactor.
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Kazumi Satoh, Hiromi Shimada, Zenya Yoshino
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
937-942
Published: September 10, 1991
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A correlation of a new type for the power requirement of an impeller dispersing gas into low-viscosity liquids was presented.
The power requirement was correlated with aeration power normalized by the value at the critical point which divided the flooding state from the loading state. An empirical correlation for aeration power at the critical point was given under a wide range of impeller rotation speed, ratio of impeller to tank diameter, ratio of liquid depth to tank diameter and scale of tank.
This correlation interpreted with success experimental results involving the data of van't Riet, Nienow and Dickey for gas-liquid contactors of 0.9 or 1.5 m in tank diameter.
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Takashi Aida, Reiji Higuchi, Hiroo Niiyama
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
943-949
Published: September 10, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 12, 2009
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Recently, halogenated organic compounds such as Freons have been claimed to be notorious for destruction of the global environment. In this study, catalytic decomposition of dilute halogenated organic compounds in the vapor phase was investigated by using gold catalysts. Au/Al
2O
3 and Au/Co
3O
4showed steady high activities for oxidative decomposition of methylchloride. Au/Al
2O
3 also showed high activity for decomposition of Freon-12. Au/Co
3O
4, however, was not effective for the decomposition. These rcsults are interpreted as follows. Au/Co
3O
4 has only a high oxidation activity, while Au/Al
2O
3 has both hydrolysis and oxidation activities. It is supposed that reactants are hydrolyzed to alcohols over Al
2O
3 at first, and the intermediates, alcohols, are successively oxidized over supported gold. On the other hand, Au/Co
3O
4 has less activity for hydrolysis. Au/Al
2O
3 may be an appropriate catalyst for the decomposition of overall halogenated organic compounds.
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Haruhiko Ohya, Katsunori Hiroishi, Yoichi Negishi, Kanji Matsumoto
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
950-954
Published: September 10, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 12, 2009
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Using disintegration of a liquid jet column and/or spray, porous particles having diameter of 0.105-1.410 mm were prepared from cellulose 2.5 acetate solution in acetone and formamide, the ratio of which to CA was 1 : 1 in weight. They were packed in a chromatographic column of 25 cm length. Retention time for PEG of various molecular weights and several normal and dihydric alcohols were measured to investigate the size exclusion characteristic of the particles.
The estimated mean pore diameter of the particle is in the range of 3 nm to 170 nm, depending upon preparation conditions such as polymer concentration (3, 9, 17wt%) and/or heat treatment (70, 80, 90°C). Pore size decreases with increase in concentration of CA. Heat treatment is effective in reducing the pore diameter of particles made from solution with higher polymer concentrations of CA but not so effective for lower concentrations.
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Shigeru Hirata, Kanji Matsumoto, Haruhiko Ohya
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
955-962
Published: September 10, 1991
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A new complete blocking filtration model, based on a conventional Hermans-Bredee equation, was presented by introducing two parameters of a specific blocking area
Ab, defined by the ratio of blocking pore area to projected area of unit particle and a specific blocking pore number
nb, defined by the number of pores blocked by unit particle. These two parameters were correlated to the membrane structure, the pore size and the particle size.
The following results were obtained from filtration experiments with very dilute latex suspension, using five different types of microporous membranes : (1) the physical meanings of
Ab and
nb were correlated to the membrane structures and the pore density, (2) the relationship between
nb and
Ab was obtained, and (3) the maximum filtrable particle number was estimated from the values of
Ab and surface porosity of membrane,
Ap
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Yasuo Yoshii, Kenichi Sohma, Tooru Inada, Shigeru Azuhata
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
963-969
Published: September 10, 1991
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Temperature data measured by one-pulse CARS (Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy) have been corrected by a quick-fitting method using two types of calibration curves relating the temperature obtained by using a thermocouple and the spectral profile of the nitrogen CARS signal. As the result of this correction, the errors in average temperature in fields of small fluctuation were of the order of 2.5%. Comparing temperature data of premixed flame measured by one-pulse CARS and that by thermocouple, the differences were small in fields below 1100°C, and because of the decrease of S/N ratio (CARS signal intensity/noise intensity) in fields above 1100°C, the differences became larger. The root mean square of temperature measured by onepulse CARS was larger than that obtained by thermocouple because the data, which were unduly perturbed by laser fluctuation, could not be rejected completely.
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Kunio Kato, Takayuki Takarada, Naoyuki Matsuo, Tadanori Suto, Nobuyosh ...
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
970-975
Published: September 10, 1991
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The powder-particle fluidized bed is a new type of fluidized bed proposed by the authors to treat fine particles (less than 20μm in diameter).
Residence time distribution of fine particles in a powder-particle fluidized bed was measured. The effects of feed rate of the fine particles, gas velocity, diameters of the fine and coarse particles, and fluidized bed height on the residence time were investigated. The residence time increased as the size of the fines and gas velocity decreased, and as the bed height increased. The average residence time of fine particles was 150-500 times larger than that of gas in the bed. This fact suggests that adhesion of fine particles to the coarse particles occurs in the bed.
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Jun Fukai, Nobuhiko Kato, Osamu Miyatake
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
976-982
Published: September 10, 1991
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A method for measuring cooling rates and boiling curves of thin plates during quenching in liquid is proposed. The method is demonstrated by using tinplates of thickness less than 1 mm. A specimen is composed of a couple of tinplates held together with a thin layer of ceramic adhesive, in which a thermocouple is settled. Oneand two-dimensional heat transfer analyses in the specimen during quenching are carried out. The results indicate that the temperature difference in the specimen is so much that temperature and heat flux on the surface should be estimated from the measured temperature value even if the specimen thickness is less than 1 mm, though thermal disturbance induced by the thermocouple does not affect the temperature distribution over the specimen surface.
In measurements of cooling rates and boiling curves, the specimen after heating to about 600K is quenched in pure water in a range of subcooling from 10 to 50K. It is found that critical heat flux increases and superheat at the point becomes higher with increase of subcooling while the boiling curve in the nucleate boiling region is practically independent of subcooling, as indicated by previous works conducted with large specimens.
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Osamu Miyatake, Akihiro Yamada, Yuji Arimatsu
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
983-989
Published: September 10, 1991
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An experimental study is carried out with a quantity of warm pool water exposed to a sudden pressure drop, to determine the performance characteristics of a steam accumulator.
Ranges of experimental variables include : initial liquid temperatures of 40, 60 and 80 °C, liquid levels of 0.30 and 0.60 m, and superheats between 2 and 13K.
From the experimental results, it is found that the nonequilibrium phenomenon of pool water is induced mainly by the boiling point elevation due to liquid level and, consequently, the amount of evaporation per unit mass of liquid decreases as the liquid level increases and as the liquid temperature decreases. It is also found that the evaporation efficiency based on the local superheat in liquid phase depends practically on the dimensionless depth of superheated zone, and an empirical equation is deduced for predicting the mass of evaporated liquid.
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Masayuki Taniguchi, Tadayoshi Murakami, Hironobu Kobayashi, Shigeru Az ...
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
990-996
Published: September 10, 1991
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An experimental study was conducted to examine NO
x emission of methane-air premixed flames stabilized with a pilot flame and those stabilized with a bluff body. Velocity, temperature and concentration profiles in these flames were measured by using a laser doppler anemometer, a thermocouple and a gas chromatograph. Maximum temperatures of the flames stabilized with the bluff body were lower by 150K than those of conical flames stabilized with the pilot flame. The NO
x emission was reduced as much as 1/3-1/5 by using the bluff body. Results of velocity, temperature and concentration measurements of the low-NO
x flames indicated that recirculation regions of burned gas were formed downstream of the bluff body and were formed outside the main flow of unburned mixture. Two turbulent share layers were formed in the low-NO
x flames. An inner share layer was formed in boundaries between the main flow and the recirculation region downstream of the bluff body. An outer share layer was formed in boundaries between the main flow and the recirculation region outside the main flow. The reaction zone was mainly formed in the inner share layer, while the unburned mixture was diluted with the burned gas in the outer share layer. NO
x emission was reduced when this outer share layer was formed.
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Yuji Sano, Shigetoshi Kobuchi, Shuichi Yamamoto
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
997-1005
Published: September 10, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: November 12, 2009
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A novel method of calculating the concentration-dependent mutual diffusion coefficient is proposed for the regular regime of desorption process in polymer film. The diffusion equation for a slab based on the dissolved solid coordinate with constant surface concentration is solved numerically for the desorption process, assuming a power function for the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient. The concentration profile, the ratio of average to center concentration, desorption rate, apparant diffusion coefficient etc., are examined in comparison with the approximate theoretical solution for the regular regime of the desorption process. The conoentrations corresponding to the apparent diffusion coefficients, which are calculated easily from the experimental desrption curve, are correlated with the surface concentration and the average concentration, using the power value of the concentration dependence as the parameter. From the correlation, the relation between the diffusion coefficient and the corresponding concentration is obtained easily by trial calculation. This method is applied to analysis of the desorption data for polyvinyl alcohol film. The calculation errors of this method are small bacause this method includes no graphical differentiation except for calculation of the desorption rate from the desorption curve.
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Effects of deashing rates and solid concentration on limiting current density
Yasunobu Hiraoka, Akira Tomizawa, Tatsuki Oguchi, Etsuko Suzuki, Masan ...
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
1006-1011
Published: September 10, 1991
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Regarding demineralization of rehydrated cheese whey by electrodialysis, the effects of deashing rates and of solid concentration on limiting current density were investigated. The electrodialyzer was composed of anion exchange membranes only.
Limiting current density decreased with electric conductivity up to a 70% deashing rate. At higher deashing rate, limiting current density decreased sharply with the vanishing of Cl
- ion content in the whey. When current density was close to the limiting density, ions were moved mainly by diffusion in the boundary layer on membrane surface and there remained only large anions of smaller diffusion such as PO
43-, citric acid and lactic acid ions.
When the solid concentration of whey was increased, limiting current density was mainly dependent on electric conductivity, not on solid concentration. This is because the viscosity of whey was increased and the degree of electrolytic dissociation decreased with increase in solid concentration.
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Masahiro Kino-oka, Masahito Taya, Setsuji Tone
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
1012-1018
Published: September 10, 1991
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The plant hairy roots derived from pak-bung and horseradish were found to possess high activity of superoxide dismutase (denoted as SOD). Based on an examination of the effect of nitrogen source in these hairy root cultures, NH
4+ in medium had an inhibitory effect on hairy root growth. It was possible to express the growth properties of hairy roots by a kinetic formula with the term of noncompetitive inhibition by NH
4+ and the branching growth model of hairy roots.
High growth rates of hairy roots were obtained in the medium with NO
3- as nitrogen source. However, the presence of N
4+ in the medium resulted in enhanced SOD activity in the hairy root cells. Thus a two-step culture of pak-bung hairy root was performed, wherein the culture was divided into two phases : cell growth phase in the medium with NO
3- and SOD production phase in the medium with N
4+. In this culture system the SOD productivity was 5-7 times that in a culture with medium containing only NO
3- as a nitrogen source.
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Masahiro Hasegawa, Torajiro Honma, Shingo Ishiyama, Yoshiteru Kanda
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
1019-1025
Published: September 10, 1991
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Surface modification of fine inorganic powder by use of a mechanochemical polymerization method was examined from the viewpoints of utilizing mechanical energy effectively and modifying the surface of fine inorganic powder. The mechanochemical polymerization was performed by grinding quartz in methyl methacrylate monomer solvent under nitrogen atmosphere. The grinding machine used was a vibration ball mill, and both grinding pot and balls were made of silicon nitride. The variations of surface area produced and the conversion of the monomer to polymer with time were examined for various concentrations of quartz. The results showed that the polymerization reaction was closely related to the grinding and that the conversion was approximately proportional to the total surface area of quartz powder produced by grinding. It was found that a quartz surface could be modified to hydrophobicity by a little polymer produced on the surface. This method is considered to be usable for the surface modification of other inorganic solids according to the usage.
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Toyokazu Yokoyama, Kishio Tamura, Genji Jimbo
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
1026-1034
Published: September 10, 1991
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To elucidate the grinding mechanism of a vibration ball mill, the movement of ball media in a two-dimensional pot with circular vibration was simulated by means of a numerical calculation technique called the discrete block method. The movement of balls was also analyzed with the aid of video pictures superimposed on a computer display. These results agreed well in terms of circulation of balls as well as distribution of ball number density and absolute velocity at different vibration settings, which proved the usefulness of this numerical calculation technique.
The effects of vibration amplitude and frequency on the intensity and frequency of ball collisions obtained by this simulation were examined in relation to the grinding mechanism. It was confirmed that increase in vibration amplitude is more effective for improving grinding performance than is that of vibration frequency on the condition of constant vibration intensity, the former causing the increase of ball collision intensity and frequency while the latter leads to their decrease.
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Yasuyuki Watanabe, Tomonari Saito
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
1035-1040
Published: September 10, 1991
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The relation between the temperature of NaCH
3COO·3H
2O melt as heat storage material (m.p.331K) at which nucleation agent Na
3 PO
4·12H
2O added to the melt began inactivating (upper limiting temperature for heating) and the amount of the agent added was studied with attention of the solubility of the agent in the melt. The solubility was almost constant about 0.6 mol% in a temperature range of the melt from 358 to 368K, and the agent crystals precipitated in the melt were stable without changing their shapes with melt temperature variation. The upper limiting temperature for heating was rapidly elevated from less than 343 to 361 K according to the amount of agent added, which increased from 0.5 to 0.8 mol%. This change of temperature was related to the solubility of the agent, but it became constant at about 364K for additions of more than 0.8 mol%. This upper limiting temperature of 364K was unchangeable despite the solubility change caused by mixing water with the melt.
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Yoshiro Kitamura, Qingfa Huang, Teruo Takahashi
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
1041-1047
Published: September 10, 1991
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The superheat limit of water in the presence of surfactants was investigated to provide basic information about the microexplosion of emulsified fuels. Span 80, NPE
n, and Tween 20 were used as surfactants. Kerosene and distilled water were filled into a glass capillary so as to form three liquid layers : kerosene at the bottom, water in the middle and kerosene on top, surfactants adsorb at their interface. The three-layer samples were heated in an oil bath at the rate of 3 K/min. For surfactant-free systems, boiling or flashing was not observed up to 200°C. All the samples containing surfactants flashed below 180°C. In the presence of surfactants the superheat limit has a broader distribution, ranging from 120 to 180°C. For the water/Span 80/kerosene system, the superheat limit decreases with increasing surfactant concentration and then approaches a constant distribution above a critical micell concentration. The superheat limit also depends on the molecular structure of surfactants, especially the hydrophilic group. These observations suggest that the flashing of superheated water is caused by the nuclei triggered by surfactants adsorbed at the oil-water interface.
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Shu-ting Zhang, Tetsuo Kobayashi, Teruyuki Nagamune, Isao Endo
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
1048-1052
Published: September 10, 1991
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The effect of Mg
2+ addition on penicillin production by
Penicillium chrysogenum immobilized on urethane foams was investigated in a batch culture system. In the cell growth phase of the early stage of batch cultivation, the specific rates of oxygen uptake and of substrate consumption in the culture system with Mg
2+ addition became lower than those in the system without Mg
2+. In the last stage of the cultivation, the addition of Mg
2+ could maintain specific rates of oxygen uptake and penicillin production around the maximum value. In that immobilized cell culture system, the specific rates of oxygen uptake and penicillin production changed remarkably with elasped time, and the time when these specific rates reached their maxima shifted to the later stage of cultivation by addition of Mg
2+.
Because such an effect of Mg
2+ addition was not observed in the cell suspension culture system, it is suggested that the addition of Mg
2+ was effective only in the immobilized cell culture system to keep the specific production rate of penicillin at maximum value when the concentration of lactose decreased to almost zero.
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Kazunari Ohgaki, Yoshiro Inoue
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
1053-1055
Published: September 10, 1991
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A method of gas storage on the ocean floor using double layers of gas hydrates and highly concentrated ionic solutions is proposed. The gas molecules diffusing from a storage house are repressed by the double layers. Not only CO
2 but also gas mixtures such as SO
X, NO
X and fluorocarbons can be stored in the compressed state by use of this method.
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Tatsuo Kanki, Tsuyoshi Asano, Kiyokazu Yoshikawa
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
1055-1059
Published: September 10, 1991
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Capillary waves in
n-heptane/sodium dodecyl sulfate aqueous solution system were detected by the laser-light scattering method to measure the interfacial tensions at various solute concentrations. The present measurements were shown to be consistent when compared with existing experimental results by the drop volume method. The interfacial concentrations of adsorbed species were estimated by the Langmuir-Gibbs equation. The laser-light scattering method was proved to be effectve for measuring
in situ the interfacial tension and the interfacial concentration.
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Kenji Shimizu, Hiroki Hosogoe, Noriaki Kubota
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
1059-1062
Published: September 10, 1991
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The morphology of suspended crystals of K-alum in a crystallizer was investigated by microscopic observation. These crystals were broken, and their form and surface conditions were changing continuously. When a crystal suspended in the crystallizer was constantly colliding with an impeller, the crystal weight
W decreased with elapsed time θ. This change in crystal weight was expressed as
W =
W0 exp (-
K. θ), where
W0 was the initial crystal weight and
K was a rate parameter which was determined experimentally and was considered to be a function of collision energy and collision frequency, etc. In the case of suspended crystals, where the crystal weight decreased with elapsed time θ, its change was also expressed by the above equation.
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Yoshiyuki Ichikawa, Hiroyuki Hatano, Chiaki Kuroda, Masaru Ishida
1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
1062-1065
Published: September 10, 1991
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A simultaneous and continuous measuring method for the gas bubbles and solid particles is developed by introducing high-shutter speed video cameras with 1/2000s exposure time and an image analysis system. The image analysis system includes a color special-effects generator, with which the images from each of two video cameras can be superimposed, and a video disk recorder which can digitize and store 1200 images successively.
The system was inspected by using a single-layer two-dimensional fluidized bed. Both the dilute portion around gas bubbles and the trajectories of tracer particles are clearly observed. As a result, it can be said that the video system introduced to this work is quite effective for both macroscopic and microscopic investigation of the gas-solid fluidized bed.
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1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
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1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
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1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
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1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
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1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
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1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
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1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
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1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
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1991 Volume 17 Issue 5 Pages
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