A total of 87 major Official Development Assistance (ODA) projects for developing countries in the area of material cycle and waste management that have been implemented by Japan over the past 30 years were reviewed. Results show that overall international cooperation has evolved from the initial stage of realizing appropriate collection-disposal type municipal solid waste management to the next stage of establishing a sound material-cycle type integrated solid waste management system through introduction of the 3Rs. In the future, in cooperation with global efforts to reach SDGs, well-organized international cooperation in the area of material cycle and waste management is required for achieving the seven targets of Goals 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) and 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). These are basically extensions of what has been experienced and developed by previous ODA projects and international cooperation. The approach to Goal 11 has been experienced in a pre-engaged manner and is being implemented proactively, but the approach to Goal 12 is still in its seed stage as far as moving towards a sound material-cycle type integrated waste management and a circular economy. It is necessary to grasp the seven targets of Goals 11 and 12 as cross-cutting issues and deal with them in an integrated manner. To achieve this task, new cooperation and coordination efforts with the private sector in resource circulation and the establishment of a circular economy are required for ODA projects, in addition to support for a capacity development of the public sector based on past cooperation experience.

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The African Clean Cities Platform (ACCP) is an open network established in 2017 with the aim of supporting African countries in achieving appropriate waste management through such efforts as sharing of knowledge and extensive networking. ACCP has been scaling up its activities to involve member countries and cities, along with various stakeholders who affirm the vision of ACCP. By promoting mutual learning, interactive and horizontal partnerships, practical waste management tools and sharing on-the-ground experience and know-how, ACCP embodies the concept of co-creation and co-innovation with regard to knowledge―and thereby contributes to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. This article summarizes the outline for ACCP activities based on its open platform, its uniqueness, strong achievements, outcomes, and prospects.

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African countries are facing serious waste problems due to increasing urbanization and population growth. The city of Yokohama, which had once overcome a similar experience, has been helping African countries by sharing their know-how. The basis for this support is the African Clean Cities Platform.
　Although international cooperation is not something that can be directly returned to citizens like any administrative service would be, through the programs introduced, the perspective of the administration itself can be expanded and the learning that takes place in the activities can be translated into policy development suited to the situation in domestic and foreign societies.

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The Japanese government has been supporting solid waste management programs in Sudan from 2010 to 2017. The Ministry of Environment officially established a ‘Solid Waste Management Unit’ within the Ministry in order to manage solid waste in Sudan. In addition, Khartoum State officially established the ‘Khartoum Cleaning Cooperation’ in its own state.
　In order to raise awareness in Khartoum State, the JICA Project carried out various activities, including a media conference, bus tours and seminars for citizens, and other efforts.
　Ultimately, this JICA Project and its counterparts in Sudan formulated a Master Plan for Solid Waste Management in Khartoum, which includes the following agenda: ①Organizational reforms, ②Waste reduction and recycling, ③Introducing the “Fixed time-fixed place collection system”, ④Construction of transfer stations, ⑤Improving landfill sites, ⑥Improving the work environment, ⑦Introducing incinerators, ⑧Improving financial systems.

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In recent years, many African countries are experiencing high economic growth and rapid urbanization, and as a result, the waste problem in these regions is becoming more serious. Japan continuously provides economic assistance to African countries under the TICAD framework and waste is one of the areas within this assistance. As part of this support, the “African Clean City Platform (ACCP)” was established by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan and others. ACCP aims to assist African countries in exchanging information amongst themselves to improve waste management and to promote the matching of improvement needs with donor assistance. Due to lack of information and the need to collect and organize the information, JICA conducted a survey on the current situation of waste management in Africa. As a result, the emerging trends and characteristics of waste problems in African cities have been compiled into the African Waste Management Data Book.

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Many countries are recently facing serious threats such as natural disasters due to global warming. In many of the dumping sites in the African region, environmental problems and landslides/erosion collapses from heavy rains have become serious issues that need to be urgently addressed. In light of this situation, UN Habitat Fukuoka Office has requested (NPO) SWAN-Fukuoka to use the Fukuoka Method to construct a number of semi-aerobic landfills in Kenya and rehabilitate a dumping site there that suffered damages after a landslide in Ethiopia.
　In this paper, the author introduces two case studies of Transfer Technology in Kenya and Ethiopia under Lack of 6Ms.

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Palestine has been in conflict with Israel for a long time. It has had various problems with its waste management administration and proper implementation. However, since the late 2000s, waste collection has become widespread and operations have started at three landfills. These landfills were constructed by the World Bank and Japan, with their structures and operations observing international standards. In practice, however a multitude of issues have arisen, creating a specific need for a manual that outlines how to establish proper landfill management. This paper describes the manual for landfill environmental auditing created by the author, who is part of a JICA project. In the absence of standards and guidelines regarding landfills, it was necessary to first establish standards for conducting audits. In the arid Palestinian climate, however, it was difficult to use in a fully straightforward manner the standards set for several other countries and various innovative measures were required in this case. In particular, for leachate management, environmental monitoring, stabilization, soil covering, odor evaluation, etc., it is necessary to create indicators according to these specific regional characteristics.

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