First assuming that the tourist city is a city which maximizes both utilities of tourists and residents, we construct a tourist city model based on Stiglitz (1977), Atkinson-Stiglitz (1980) and Sakashita (1994). Secondly we derive the optimal scale of the tourist city by using the model and compare the scale with the scale of the city developed according to Henry George's theorem. Thirdly the tourist city that has a scale of optimal tourists is driven by adding the tourism information there to the model. Lastly the characters of the tourist city are arranged by attractive coefficients which decide on the scale of the tourist city.

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The Japanese promoting policies for the industrial tourism are anchored by the industrial-government network forming and/or the activity coordinating, but that's all there is to it. Therefore, in order to increasingly expand the tourism resources for the industrial tourism, someone would regard the public fund injection in the form of grants as necessary. It is true that the grant policy is vital to expanding tourism resources, if and only if the effectiveness of the policy is ensured. This article offers theoretical models to study the above problem, and analyzes the effectiveness of the pump-priming grant policy for expanding the tourism resources.

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This paper focuses on the phenomenon of the beginning and the end of tourist booms which occur irrespective of the content or true value of the tourist places or facilities. I am unaware of the existing research in the tourism field such as the analysis developed in this paper. At first I survey existing research on the beginning and the end of fashions or booms, and I examine which model should be applied to the tourist booms. Then, I summarize the questionnaire survey results and simulate the data.

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This paper focused on visitors' expenditures, traditionally utilized by many international tourist spots as a fundamental managerial indicator, in order to develop a method for identifying the decline of tourist spots at an early stage. Their functional effectiveness as an early warning indicator was assessed in terms of earliness and uniqueness. Specifically, the international tourist spots such as Singapore, the State of Hawaii of U.S.A. and Thailand were selected as cases for study, because they were likely to stagnate or decline after 1990. In order to evaluate the earliness in relation to relative earliness of warning, indicators of international visitors' expenditures (total visitors' expenditures, the average expenditure per visitor, and the average expenditure per visitor per day) were compared with those of visitors' flows (visitors' arrivals, visitors' stays, and the average length of stay). As a result of this comparison, it was confirmed that the indicators of the average expenditure per visitor and the average expenditure per visitor per day tend to give warning signals earlier than those of visitors' flows such as visitors' arrivals and visitors' stays. Furthermore, functional uniqueness to use visitors' expenditures as indicators was assessed by examining variations in correlation coefficients with the indicators of visitors' flows among the cases. The assessment showed that the correlation coefficients differed among tourist spots. Thereby, it was also confirmed that these indicators of the average expenditures were functionally unique.

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We present a model where lodging companies offering accommodation and meals can choose one of the three bundling forms: mixed bundling, pure bundling or unbundling. In the first stage of a two-stage game, companies choose among three bundling strategies. In the second stage, they select charges for accommodation and meals. We show that unbundling is a dominated strategy for both companies, so that either pure or mixed bundling is played in equilibrium. In fact, it seems likely that the strategic equilibrium outcomes of our model coincide with the reality of the travel and tourism industry. However, at the bundling-bundling equilibrium both companies are worse off than when they both commit to practice unbundling. We also show that unbundling increases profits of the companies, increases total surplus, but reduces consumer surplus. So, our results may have important implications for government policies trying to encourage unbundling.

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Tourism education in Taiwan's colleges/universities has a long history going back nearly 40 years. Above all, since Kaohsiung Hospitality College (KHC) was founded in 1995, a new academic concept of hospitality has been introduced, and, subsequently, many colleges/universities set up hospitality-related departments. It is particularly worth noting that the number of applicants for admission to hospitality-related departments of colleges/universities rapidly increased. In the meantime, the rapidly-expanded hospitality-related departments have been grouped into two educational groups consisting of technological and vocational education departments and academic education departments. Although the classifications differ, practically the difference between technological and vocational education departments and academic education departments cannot be clearly identified. I examined in this paper the present situation of Taiwan's hospitality education wherein the concept of hospitality has taken root as an official academic domain, establishing an important position in college/university education.

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With the arrival of an aging society, senior citizen's tourism began to attract pubic attention. I examined in his paper what part tourism plays in human independence from a viewpoint of not only handicapped persons' tourism but senior citizen's and by incorporating Erik Erikson's theory. I quarried extensively precedents and studies related to efforts of senior citizen's tourism, and, furthermore, examined the theory based on the study of Fukuoka's case and cases of silver volunteer guides.

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East Asian countries have successfully sustained long-term rapid economic growth. Singapore, especially, has achieved miraculous success. The miracle of Singapore could be accredited to Lee Kuan Yew. This study focuses on his leadership. He was trained as a lawyer in Britain. After his return home, he founded the People's Action Party and became the first prime minister of Singapore in 1959. The nation became a member of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963 but broke away from it in 1965 amid political unrest. The Republic of Singapore was then proclaimed, with Lee Kuan Yew maintaining the premiership status. He ran the nation as a tightly controlled welfare state with its economic system based on a free-market economy. While proactively introducing foreign investments, he suppressed political oppositions at home. Placing importance on disciplining of its people, public morals, drug prevention, teaching of English, interracial reconciliation, and the like, he transformed Singapore from a poor seaport into a wealthy country. In the would undergoing drastic changes, our country has a number of problems including promotion of tourism. We hope that the success of Singapore can give us valuable suggestions which will lead to the resolution of these issues.

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The purpose of this paper is to survey the papers published on Journal of Tourism Research, and to grasp the future direction of tourism study in the 21st Century, the tourism century, form the viewpoint of the field of economics and business. Now tourism requires us to use the existing resources in the each area as effectively as possible. Consequently we obtained the result that it is important to make use of the financial technique which will bring out the value of the various resources existing in the each area.

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The tourism infrastructure of the Tango region has been almost completed where tourists can enjoy bathing in hot springs with delicious crab cuisine. The private and public sectors are groping for a way to reach the second stage where tourists can enjoy staying for two or more nights because of additional attractions such as health care, healing and esthetic treatment. The third stage is to prepare long-stay resorts. Besides this, we have to develop the Tango region into a world-class tourist center conforming to global standards. Fortunately, the Tango region has similar scenic attractions, climate and gastronomy to those of French Riviera and Italian Riviera, which are world-famous, long-established resorts. We can model ”Tango Riviera” resort after the two Rivieras and bring it to the world market. The resort development can be carried out step by step from the Amanohashidate area, to the coastal area of the Tango peninsular facing the Sea of Japan, and lastly to the inland area. I expect that the Tango region will be a member of the Riviera family by the end of this century.

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