Review of Polarography

Polarography and I

Reita TAMAMUSHI

1999 Volume 45 Issue 2 Pages 73
Published: September 30, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5189/revpolarography.45.73

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Ion-transfer voltammetry of heavy metal ions at liquid/liquid interface

Haiime KATANO

1999 Volume 45 Issue 2 Pages 77-91
Published: September 30, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5189/revpolarography.45.77

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Voltammetric studies on the transfer of heavy metal ions at liquid/liquid interface facilitated by ionophore are discussed. In the presence of ionophore or organic extractant, such as 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16-hexathlacyclooctadecane and 5, 6-diphenyl-3-(2-pyridyl)-1, 2, 4-triazine, in organic phase, heavy metal ions, such as, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, Pd²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions in aqueous phase give reversible or quasi-reversible voltammograms due to the ionophore-assisted ion-transfer across polarized organic/water interface. Thus, the ion-transfer voltammetry can be applied advantageously to the study of the equilibrium and dynamic properties of metal ion complexes in both organic and aqueous solutions. Ion-transfer stripping voltammetry, in which the ionophore-assisted anodic pre-concentration of analyte ions into a thin organic gel layer followed by catholic dissolution back to aqueous phase, can be applied to the trace determination of heavy metal ions at ppb level. The formal potentials of simple or non-assisted transfer of heavy metal ions, including Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions, at nitrobenzene/water interface are also discussed.

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Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of Redox Proteins

Masaki TORIMURA

1999 Volume 45 Issue 2 Pages 92-100
Published: September 30, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5189/revpolarography.45.92

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A variety of spectroelectrochemical methods for characterization of redox property of proteins are reviewed. Thermodynamic parameters such as the formal potential of protein can be obtained with these methods. Special attention is paid to the conditions to establish the Nernst equilibrium for the spectroelectrochemical techniques. Recent development of these techniques and its applications are reviewed in view of direct and indirect electrochemistry. Some kinetic approaches for the determination of thermodynamic parameter of redox proteins are also briefly sited.

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Electrochemical Preparation of Chemically Modified Carbon Electrodes and Their Application to Electroanalytical Chemistry

Hatsuo MAEDA

1999 Volume 45 Issue 2 Pages 101-118
Published: September 30, 1999
Released on J-STAGE: June 28, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5189/revpolarography.45.101

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It has been accepted that the most reliable method to prepare chemically modified carbon electrodes is introduction of carboxyl groups on carbon surfaces by oxidative treatment followed by chemical formation of amide bonds between the active functional groups and amino compounds. However, several straightforward methods have been recently developed for introduction of organic molecules covalently on carbon surfaces. This review provides a comprehensive overview of electrochemical methods developed by our group and the others as a useful tool for preparation of chemically modified carbon electrodes. Some analytical applications of modified electrodes obtained by the methods are also compiled.

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