Recently, therapeutic approach to CVA has changed to some extent. Intravascular therapeutic maneuver using micro fine catheter and guide-wire developed so much, recently, and we should be better to consider this technique as one of the therapies for cerebral infarction and cerebral arterial aneurysm. On the other hand, the prevention from CVA is another important point since background of CVA and coronary heart disease is very similar concerning with risk factors as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and so on. For this reason, management of these diseases has become very critical especially with points of modification of life style and early therapy for early stage of these diseases. In the current paper, I would like to mention outline of recent views of CVA therapy briefly.

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An overview of the evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders is presented. As for the evaluation, the followings are described; 1) interviews and the collection of information from involved staff, 2) screening tests, 3) detailed examinations. The treatments for swallowing disorders are mainly divided into rehabilitation and surgical treatments, and indirect and direct therapy are discussed as rehabilitation techniques.

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The former half of the present review describes the recent topics on functional recovery and treatment efficacy for stroke patients. Especially, it introduces the treatment effectiveness of constraint-induced movement therapy, to which a number of researchers have been directing their attention in relation to plasticity of motor cortex. The latter half describes evaluation of movement disorder due to stroke and the significance of judgement on treatment effectiveness.

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The review outlines the apraxia, the chief symptoms of higher neuronal disorders. First, the definitions of behaviors are examined, and their classification is explained. The evaluation, clinical features, and onset mechanisms of ideational and ideomotor apraxia are then discussed.

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The review discusses the aspects of physical fitness in cerebrovascular accident patients including its concepts, factors for deterioration in physical fitness, exercise methods, and indices of physical fitness. The concepts are explained based on the views of physical fitness and the definitions of physical fitness in cerebrovascular accident patients. Factors for deterioration in physical fitness are discussed for each of the acute, recovery, and maintenance periods. Numerous exercise methods are applied, including use of the treadmill and bicycle ergometer, climbing/descending stairs, standing-up, and righting. Indices of exercise tolerance mentioned include the cardiac oxygen coefficient and VO2_{100, 120}, as well as maximum oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold. Performance measures and similar indices are also frequently used.

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Reformative model of the Bobath concept has been developed by the accumulation of hypothesis-examination processes of individual patient’s treatment. Starting with analysis of patients, cycle processes that consist treatment intervention to make patients regain their physical function are repeated. Bobath treatment is a problem-solving approach. Therapists are expected to study hard in order to have treatment techniques for problem-solving ability, and knowledge on neurologic physiology, vital dynamics, development studies, etc. for interpreting treatment, and flexibility of creating treatment. The term ‘R.I.P.s’, Reflex Inhibition Patterns, was once used, but we now call it ‘T.I.P.s.’ (Tone Influence Patterns). This is because we expect that the Bobath treatment will dynamically develop, and that the sensory motor stimulus will affect the conduction process of sensory movement, turning into appropriate movement expression.

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The characteristics of motor behavior of cerebrovascular accident patients are reviewed from the viewpoint of motor development, and physical therapy interventions for the patients are described.

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