[Purpose] This study evaluated the balance ability of patients with mild diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) using force plates during standing on a hard surface with the eyes open, and standing on a soft surface with the eyes closed, to obtain an index of postural stability (IPS) and a modified index of postural stability (MIPS), respectively. Furthermore, the decline in balance ability and the difference between these balance indices were considered. [Subjects] Twenty-seven patients without DPN (non-DPN group) and 16 patients with mild DPN (mild DPN group) were evaluated. [Methods] Using the IPS and MIPS as balance indices, the two groups were compared. In addition, the correlations between pallesthesia in all subjects and the balance indices were evaluated. [Results] In the comparison of the two groups, the mild DPN group showed a significantly lower MIPS than the no-DPN group. Only MIPS showed a significant correlation with pallesthesia. [Conclusions] Our results indicate that patients with mild DPN show a mild decline in balance ability, to which reduced bathyesthesia might contribute.

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[Purpose] The changes in muscle activities of the quadriceps during knee extension isometric contraction associated with changes in knee joint flexion angle were investigated. [Subjects] The subjects were 10 healthy individuals who provided their informed consent. [Methods] The subjects performed isometric contraction of 40% maximum voluntary contraction at four different angles of knee flexion. The EMGs of the vastus medialis obliquus, vastus medialis longus, rectus femoris, and vastus lateralis were measured. [Results] The relative integrated EMG values of the vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis at 90° knee flexion were significantly greater than their respective values at 20° knee flexion. [Conclusion] To train the vastus medialis obliquus, knee extension with the knee joint at 90° flexion is appropriate.

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[Purpose] To examine and compare the effectiveness of three self-stretch methods for secondary internal rotation limitation in injured throwing shoulders. [Subjects] Forty-eight baseball players with injured throwing shoulders. [Methods] First, inability to perform the APS, CB, and IRS stretch methods due to pain were compared among the subjects. Then, the 28 cases who could perform all of the stretch methods were divided into 3 groups, and excluding the effect of the retroversion angle, the secondary internal rotation angle was measured before and after stretch performance and compared among the groups. [Results] The inability to perform stretching due to pain was significantly the lowest for the APS method. There were no significant differences in the secondary internal rotation angle among the groups before stretching, but after stretching, those of the groups performing the APS and CB methods were significantly larger than that of the IRS method group. [Conclusion] The results suggest that the APS method is the most effective self-stretch method for injured throwing shoulders.

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[Purpose] This study investigated the effects of single whole body vibration (WBV) training on the gait parameters of Parkinson’s disease (PD), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), and motor disorder (MD) patients. [Subjects] The subjects were 10 PD, 10 CVA, and 10 MD patients. [Methods] Single WBV of 50 Hz was administered for minute to all of the subjects. Subjects’ 10m gait time before and after the WBV training was measured, and walking speed, step length and cadence were calculated. [Results] After the intervention, the PD and CVA groups showed a significant walking speed improvement compared to the MD group. The PD and CVA groups also showed gait parameter improvements. [Conclusion] The results suggest the effect of WBV training on gait improvement differs with the disease.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the items of quality of life (QOL) that are important to hemodialysis (HD) patients using qualitative research methods. [Subjects] Fifteen patients with HD participated in this study. [Methods] A semi-structured interview was conducted. The interview data was transcribed and subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis. The optimal number of clusters and the meaning of each cluster were determined by discussion among the researchers. [Results] Six clusters were identified and named as: 1) ability to continue hobbies, 2) influence of meals, 3) economic situation, 4) social activities, 5) functional living and living environment, and 6) interaction with the environment. [Conclusion] Six elements were identified as items of QOL, and they were uniquely extracted from HD patients’ responses. The ability to continue hobbies and economic situation are items that are not included in current QOL measures.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of physical and cognitive functions on falls by elderly persons attending community day-care centers. [Subjects] The subjects were 60 elderly persons attending community day-care centers. [Methods] Physical function was assessed using the timed up-and-go test (TUG), chair-stand test, and 5m walking speed. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination, digit span, and Trail-Making Test part A (TMT-A). The fall risk score was also evaluated. [Results] Participants who had a history of falls had higher TUG and TMT-A scores, and a higher fall risk score. TMT-A was strongly associated with a history of falls. [Conclusion] The results suggest that TMT-A, known as a marker of execution and attention, is associated with a history of falls, and interventions for the execution and attention functions may be important for fall prevention for elderly adults who attend community day-care centers.

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[Purpose] This study examined the differences in muscle forces of lower extremities during walking between healthy young males and females. [Subjects] Twenty healthy young males and females (10 each) participated in this study. [Methods] A 3D motion analysis system and force plates measured coordinates of markers and ground reaction forces during walking. Muscle activations of lower extremities during walking were calculated using OpenSim3.2. [Results] Average values of muscle activations during the stance phase of gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and vastus muscles in females were significantly greater than those in males. On the other hand, the maximum value of muscle activation during stance phase of soleus was significantly smaller in females than in males. [Conclusion] This results suggest that young females exhibit greater muscle activity in the uni-articular muscles of the hip and knee during walking than young males.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of shoulder girdle function and subjective dysfunction in perioperative patients with head and neck cancer. [Subjects] Subjects were 15 perioperative patients with head and neck cancer [13 men and 2 women aged 56.7 ± 11.1 years (mean ± SD)]. [Methods] Range of shoulder abduction, postural alignment in the sagittal plane, acromial distance, cervical flexion, and the Neck Dissection Questionnaire (NDQ) were used to evaluate the subjective dysfunction index. These items were evaluated at three time points: before surgery, 2 weeks after surgery, and 1 month after surgery. [Results] Range of shoulder abduction and acromial distance showed significant differences from before surgery at 2 weeks and 1 month after surgery. In addition, significant correlations were found between acromial distance and most of the NDQ items. [Conclusion] When NDQ is used as an outcome measure for perioperative head and neck cancer patients, the results of this study suggest the necessity of multilateral evaluation including postural alignment in the sagittal plane, in addition to the range of shoulder abduction.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the trunk righting test (TRT) and trunk muscle function. [Subjects] Eighty male high-school soccer players and college American football players were the subjects. [Methods] The front bridge test (FB) and the side bridge test (SB) were used to evaluate trunk muscle function. [Results] There was no significant correlation between the TRT and trunk muscle function. However, in a side-to-side comparison, trunk muscle function was better on the side with the greatest TRT value. [Conclusion] TRT appears to be a factor of trunk muscle functions, such as the FB and SB.

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[Purpose] This study investigated the effects of fall prevention training for day-care users with muscle strength deficits, walking disabilities, and cognitive impairments. [Subjects] Fifty-five day-care rehabilitation users performed two fall prevention exercises. [Methods] The subjects performed step-up/down training using a 20cm high step-stool placed between parallel bars, while playing word-chain games with an assistant, and a slow-paced stand-up/down exercise of 5 seconds duration, 10 times. Subjects’ body weight, 5-meter maximum walking speed, hip flexor/extensor strengths, knee flexor/extensor strengths, plantarflexor/dorsiflexor strengths and cognitive functions were measured before and after the intervention. [Results] Significant improvements in walking speed, hip flexor, knee extensor and plantarflexor strengths, dorsiflexor strength, knee flexor strength, and cognition were found after the intervention. [Conclusion] The fall prevention training improved lower limb muscle strength, walking speed, and cognitive aspects of users of our facilities.

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[Purpose] To examine the motor function of young-old and old-old subjects. [Subjects] Thirty community-dwelling elderly persons. [Methods] Maximum forward step length (MFS), maximum lateral step width (MLS), standing on tiptoe, plantar and dorsiflexion and the legs open and close tests in the sitting position, and the 3m zigzag walking test were evaluated. [Results] Differences in MFS, MLS, and standing on tiptoe were found between the young-old and old-old subjects, but not in plantar or dorsiflexion or the legs open and close tests in the sitting position, or in the 3m zigzag walking test. [Conclusion] Because differences were not found in plantar and dorsiflexion and the legs open and close tests in the sitting position, and the 3m zigzag walking test between the young-old and old-old subjects, it appears that these indices that are not much affected by age.

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[Purpose] In the perioperative period, patients with head and neck cancer were divided into two groups based on shoulder joint abduction range of motion (ROM), and their quality of life (QOL) was monitored until 6 months after surgery. [Subjects] The subjects were 28 patients (36 limbs) who had undergone neck dissection (24 men and 4 women; mean age, 58.5 ± 12.0 years). [Methods] Abduction ROM was measured in the standing position. To assess QOL, each subject completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 form. Abduction ROM and EORTC QOL assessments were carried out at 3 and 6 months after surgery. [Results] The cut-off point was 57.6%. The improvement group included 20 limbs, and the slight-improvement group included 16 limbs. Period and group were significant factors predicting abduction ROM and physical QOL in the EORTC assessment. [Conclusion] The improvement rate of abduction ROM in the perioperative period can affect long-term QOL.

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[Purpose] To examine the usefulness of the TraceCoder^® in the evaluation of the upper limb function of a home-visit rehabilitation (HR) user. [Subject] An 85-year-old female who had broken a joint in her left hand. [Methods] The subject’s upper limb motor function was evaluated using the TraceCoder^® bulls-eye, trace, and tracking tests. In the trace and tracking tests, the evaluation items were: deviation, pen pressure, speed, and overall area. The assessments were conducted on the first home visit and 3 months later. [Results] After 3 months HR, pen pressure in the bulls-eye test, and speed, and overall area in the trace and tracking tests were found to have improved. [Conclusion] Using TraceCoder^®, it was possible to make objective evaluations of upper limb motor function and ability in the home, suggesting that TraceCoder^® will be a useful tool for examining outcomes and raising motivation in HR.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to analyze the knee motion during side-jump landing. [Subjects] Eleven healthy females participated in this study. [Methods] The subjects performed a side-jump of 80% of their height from the starting position. They were instructed to jump at least 30 cm in height, and to keep the separation of both feet to 30% of their height. The ground reaction force (GRF) from the time when it extended 10 N to the time when the knee flexion angle reached its maximum during the side-jump landing was recorded. [Results] The right knee flexion angle at the landing and at maximum knee flexion were both significantly smaller than the left. The valgus angle was significantly greater at the ground contact. [Conclusion] The right knee joint flexion angle at the landing was significantly smaller and the valgus angle was significantly greater than those of the left. Therefore, the results suggest that the right knee may suffer anterior cruciate ligament injury.

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[Purpose] To clarify the effect of diabetic polyneuropathy (DP) on the two-step test result. [Subjects] One hundred four diabetic patients, who were capable of independent walking, who were in- or out-patients of diabetes clinics at two facilities cooperating with this research between October 2014 and March 2015. [Method] The subjects were divided into two groups on the basis of the presence or absence of DP, and their two-step test results were compared. [Results] A significant difference was found between the results of the two groups, the DP group having significantly lower values. [Conclusion] The result suggests that motor function impairments due to DP can be assessed using the two-step test.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of field of activities and physical function on falls by the frail elderly population. [Subjects] Twenty-four persons receiving support and 25 persons receiving care participated in this study. All the subjects were able to walk by themselves during most activities of daily living, and used outpatient rehabilitation services. [Methods] The field of activities of the subjects was evaluated using the life-space assessment (LSA), and physical functions were assessed using measures of gait velocity, the timed up and go test (TUG), grip strength, and the Barthel index. [Results] Logistic regression analysis found that LSA and TUG had significant effects on falls. The risk of a fall increased with increasing TUG time and LSA score. [Conclusion] The results of this study indicate that not only physical function, but the field of activities should be evaluated to prevent falls by the frail elderly.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate whether simultaneous execution (SE) of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and muscle stretching increases muscle extensibility in a short time. [Subjects and Methods] Fifteen healthy volunteers participated in this study. They performed stretching of the bilateral triceps surae (TS) muscles during 15-minute NMES, aimed at reciprocal inhibition of the TS (SE session), and the stretching only (control session). The stretching was performed at just before the start of each session, and 5 and 15 minutes after the start of each session. Bilateral ankle dorsiflexion ranges during the stretching (D/F-ROM) were measured at the three time points. [Results] In the SE session, significant D/F-ROM increases were observed at 5 minutes as well as 15 minutes after the start of the session compared with just before the start of the session. In addition, there was no significant D/F-ROM difference between these two time points. In the control session, however, there were no significant D/F-ROM differences among the three time points. [Conclusion] NMES and muscle stretching increases muscle extensibility in a short time.

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[Purpose] To evaluate the reliability of a measurement method of the distance between the deep fascia and tibia, using the external edge of the ligament of the anterior tibia as an index of the front edge of the distal end of the tibia, in the anterior extensor retinaculum region of the ankle. [Subjects] Twenty limbs of 10 healthy male adults with no history of osteopathy. [Methods] The evaluation of reliability was conducted using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis. [Results] The intra-tester ICC was 0.93, and the inter-tester ICC was 0.92. In Bland-Altman analysis, no intra-tester or inter-tester systematic errors were found, and the minimum measurable distance with 95% reliability was 0.99 mm for the same tester, and 1.16 mm between testers. [Conclusion] This measurement method has high reliability, and further examination of methods to improve its reproducibility and validity are expected.

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[Purpose] To examine the influence of muscle re-education exercises on the effect of myofascial release (MFR). [Subjects] Thirty healthy individuals whose active straight leg raise (SLR) angle was less than 70 degrees were quasi-randomly allocated to three groups: MFR for bilateral hamstrings, quadriceps exercise post-MFR, and hamstrings exercise post-MFR. [Methods] Active SLR, passive SLR, and torque of the knee flexion and extension were measured pre- and post-intervention, and at 2, 4, and 6 days post-intervention. [Results] The extension and flexion torque of the knee flexion of the “hamstrings exercise post-MFR” group lasted longer than six days and showed the most improvement. [Conclusion] MFR provided release from myofascial restrictions and improved the slide and extensibility of the fascia. Performing exercise post-MFR elicited effective re-learning of the proper muscle contractions. Therefore, the “hamstrings exercise post- MFR” group revealed the longest-lasting result and presented the most improvement.

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[Purpose] To examine the effects of self-exercise using a special device developed for guiding appropriate cranio-cervical flexion by subjects with neck pain. [Subjects] Eight volunteers (5 males, 3 females) with non-specific neck pain participated in this study. [Methods] All subjects performed self-managed cranio-cervical flexion exercise using the special device twice a day for 4 weeks. [Results] Significant improvements were observed in the cervical active range of motion (extension, lateral bending, rotation), Numerical Rating Scale, and the Japanese version of the Neck Disability Index. [Conclusion] The findings suggest that cranio-cervical flexion self-exercise using the special device can improve subjective and objective outcomes of patients with non-specific neck pain.

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[Purpose] Elderly subjects were divided into young-old and old-old groups, then further divided into falls caused by stumbling and no-falls groups, and the relationship between motor function and falls was investigated. [Subjects] Thirty elderly subjects, aged over 65, who could walk independently. [Methods] The subjects were divided into young-old and old-old, as well as falls, and no-falls groups and their motor functions were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance. [Results] Differences were found in maximum step width between the falls and no-falls groups, as well as the young-old and old-old groups. Differences in plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, and standing on tiptoe were also found between the falls and no-falls groups, but not between the young-old and old-old groups. [Conclusion] As an assessment for the prevention of falls caused by stumbling among the elderly, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion tests are indices which are little-affected by age.

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[Purpose] This study aimed to determine the differences in spinal motor neurons excitability and autonomic nerve activity during motor imagery of muscle contractions of different contraction strengths. [Subjects and Methods] F-waves and the LF/HF ratio of 10 healthy subjects were recorded. F-waves and the LF/HF ratio were recorded at Rest1, 50%Image1, Rest2, 50%Image2, and Rest3, respectively. This experimental condition was called the 50% condition. For the 100% condition, F-waves and the LF/HF ratio were recorded using the same process. [Results] Persistence during the Image1 and Image2 trials under the two muscle contraction strengths was significantly greater than that in Rest1. The F/M amplitude ratios during Image1 and Image2 under 50% MVC were significantly greater than that in Rest1. The LF/HF ratios during Image1 under the two muscle contraction strengths were significantly greater than that in Rest1. The relative values of persistence, F/M amplitude ratio, latency, and LF/HF ratio were similar during Image1 and Image2 for the two muscle contraction strengths. [Conclusion] Motor imagery under voluntary muscular contractions of 50% and 100% increases spinal motor neurons’ excitability and cardiac sympathetic nerve activity. Differences in the imagined muscle contraction strengths are not involved in changes of spinal motor neurons’ excitability and cardiac sympathetic nerve activity.

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[Purpose] To examine the influence of visual information of location on the standing postural control of healthy adults. [Subjects] Twenty-one healthy adults (mean age, 24.0 ± 2.5 years). [Methods] Subjects adopted a step stance on a force-plate measuring body sway, and fixed their eyes on a point in front of them. Measurements were taken under 5 conditions of visual information: a column positioned immediately in front (0˚), and radially at 20˚, 40˚ and 60˚, and no visual information (control). [Results] The body sway path length and envelope area of the 0˚ and 20˚ conditions had significantly lower values than those of the 40˚ and 60˚, and control conditions. [Conclusion] The results suggest that when visual information exists near the central field of vision, where it is easy to generate visual discrepancies, it contributes to standing postural control.

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[Purpose] To determine the current status of welfare-paid transport as a new means of transport for those with limited means of travel, and investigate its role in community-based physical therapy. [Subjects] The subjects were 101 business locations providing welfare-paid transport, and 194 users in Gunma Prefecture. [Methods] A questionnaire survey was distributed to the providers and users. [Results] The results of the questionnaire show that for continuation of service, “cost burden” influences welfare-paid transport providers, and that “reliability” influences the evaluation of the users. [Conclusion] Users highly evaluated welfare-paid transport, and for those with limited means of travel, it could become an important means of transport. However, while the providers recognized its importance, it was clear that they were adopting a cautious stance to expansion of the service.

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[Purpose] To investigate the progress of motor function and activities of daily living (ADL), and the effect of rehabilitation on paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS) patients. [Subjects] Eight inpatients who were diagnosed as having PNS and prescribed rehabilitation. [Methods] Demographic, medical, motor functional, and ADL data were retrospectively collected from medical record data. [Results] The number of cases whose motor function and ADL improved was 5. In the cases who showed improvement, 4 cases had started anti-tumor therapy within 3 months after onset, and 1 case had started immunotherapy within 4 months after onset. In addition, as the rehabilitation period became longer the improvement in BI was greater. [Conclusion] Early medical treatment and ensuring an adequate rehabilitation period are important for improvement of motor function and ADL of PNS patients.

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[Purpose] To investigate accessory respiratory muscle fatigue caused by expiratory load and its effects on accessory respiratory muscles during expiratory load. [Subjects] Eleven healthy adult males. [Methods] Maximum mouth pressures (PEmax, PImax) were measured during expiratory load and rest, and the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, rectus abdominis, and internal and external oblique abdominal muscle activities were assessed using electromyographic frequency analysis. [Results] The ratio of high to low frequency components of accessory respiratory muscle activity decreased by ≥20% in all muscles over 8 min. Furthermore, the time taken to reach the minimum PEmax was significantly greater for the external oblique than for the rectus abdominis, and the time taken to reach the minimum PImax was significantly longer for the sternocleidomastoid than for the external oblique. [Conclusions] The times taken to reach accessory respiratory muscle fatigue showed no differences, suggesting that expiration and inspiration barely fatigue the external oblique and sternocleidomastoid muscles, respectively.

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[Purpose] The study examined the relationships of foot pressure with the walking speed and balance ability of elderly inpatients, and whether they are affected by walking speed and lower limb muscle strength. [Subjects] One hundred ten elderly inpatients. Those with a history of musculoskeletal or neurological disease were excluded. [Methods] Subjects were evaluated by the 10-m maximum walking speed (10MWS), timed up and go test, functional reach test, one-leg standing time, isometric knee extension muscle strength (IKS), and foot pressure, and divided into the three group based on 10MWS (1.0 m/sec) and IKS (0.35 kgf/kg). A multiple regression analysis including 10MWS as the dependent variable was performed on each group. [Results] Foot pressure influenced the walking speed of those who walked at a speed of 1.0 m/sec or more. [Conclusion] This result suggests that foot pressure possibly influences the walking speed of those who walk at a speed of 1.0 m/sec or more.

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[Purpose] To investigate the effects on the mobilization period and first mobilization interruption rate of a change in the mobilization method used for acute ischemic stroke patients. [Subjects] The subjects were 241 ischemic stroke patients: 128 patients before the method change, and 113 patients after the change. [Methods] The age, gender, type of ischemia, time from admission to mobilization, NIH Stroke Scale score on admission, initial and discharge Barthel Index scores, first mobilization interruption rate, length of hospital stay, and discharge destination of the two groups were investigated and compared. [Results] After the change of the mobilization method, the time from admission to mobilization dropped significantly from a median value of 2.0 days to 1.0 days, but no significant difference was found in the first mobilization interruption rates. [Conclusion] Mobilization of ischemic stroke patients occurred earlier under the new method, and the first mobilization interruption rate was unchanged, indicating it was comparatively safe.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychological health and college life anxiety among 44 female students in the first academic year of physical therapy. [Subjects] Fourty-four female freshmen with an average age of 18.9 years. [Methods] Their psychological health was assessed using the Cornell Medical Index-Health Questionnaire (CMI), and campus life anxiety was assessed using the College Life Anxiety Scale (CLAS). [Results] Thirty-two percent of students were diagnosed with neurosis or its possibility, and these students had significantly higher rates of anxiety about daily life, assessment, and maladjustment to college than normal students. [Conclusion] Students with neurosis or its possibility tend to have feelings of anxiety about relationships with friends and teachers, scholastic results, maladjustment to college, and future employment. Therefore, they should be checked at the time of the entrance examination for their psychological health condition, and after entrance, supported to decrease their anxieties in order to facilitate good relationships with others, as early as possible, and to encourage a sense of profession in association with specialists of psychology.

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[Purpose] The purpose of the present study was to investigate autonomic nervous activity in different subtypes of ischemic stroke patients. [Subjects] Thirty-three patients (age, 71.5 years; 23 men, 10 women) were included in the present study. [Methods] An electrocardiogram was recorded during supine rest, mobilization, and supine recovery. Parameters of autonomic nervous activity (parasympathetic nervous activity [lnHF] and sympathetic nervous activity [LF/HF]) were calculated using spectral analysis of heart rate variability measured by an electrocardiograph. Patients were divided into two groups by etiology: lacunar infarction (LAC) group (n=15) and large-artery atherosclerotic infarction (LAA) group (n=18). Two-way analysis of variance was used to compare the parameters of autonomic nervous activity between the groups. [Results] Parasympathetic nervous activity of the LAC group was lower than that of the LAA group during supine rest (lnHF: 5.1 vs. 6.1), and sympathetic nervous activity was higher than that of the LAA group during mobilization (LF/HF: 3.0 vs. 1.4). [Conclusion] In the acute phase, the LAC group may be at higher risk of autonomic dysfunction than the LAA group.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to suggest an effective perspective for constructing a physiotherapeutic theory through interviewing a cancer survivor, who received two different medical treatments, about his experiences. [Subject] The subject was a 40-year-old-man, who underwent both a stoma operation for rectal cancer and a femoral head osteotomy for pyogenic arthritis. [Methods] The method was the case-code matrix method based on the structure-construction qualitative research method. [Results] The cancer survivor’s two experiences were dealing with change in excretion function, and cessation of lower extremity weight-bearing function. The two experiences were examined from various viewpoints, which were classified into six categories: feelings about changes in daily activity levels, expression of emotions related to functional change or stop, acceptance of functional change or stop, recognition of the affected part, contact behavior with the affected part, and new learning from the functional change or stop. In comparing the two experiences, clear or slight differences were acknowledged in four categories: feelings about changes in daily activity levels, expression of emotions related to functional change or stop, acceptance of the functional change or stop, and new learning from the functional change or stop. The two other categories shared certain similarities. [Conclusion] It is possible for our approach to suggest an effective viewpoint for constructing physiotherapy through the case study of the cancer survivor.

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