[Purpose] We measured the respiratory, cardiovascular and metabolic responses to low intensity exercise in a low-oxygen normal pressure environment, and investigated its effect on energy metabolism. [Subjects] The subjects were 13 normally healthy males. [Method] The subjects performed exercise at a load of 70% of the anaerobic threshold on a bicycle ergometer under normal (20.9%) and low (14.5%) oxygen concentrations at a normal pressure of 1.0 atm. During exercise, we measured oxygen saturation, heart rate, and conducted respiratory gas analysis. [Results] Under the low oxygen condition, compared to the normal oxygen condition, the heart rate and respiratory minute volume during exercise showed significantly high values, while the lipid oxidation rate was significantly low. Conversely, the glucose oxidation rate was significantly high, and energy metabolism rose. [Conclusion] The results suggest that carbohydrate utilization is promoted by exercise under a low-oxygen normal pressure environment.

View full abstract

[Purpose] We studied the characteristics of baseball club members with regard to the position of the scapula and the relationship between the position of the scapula and the strength of external and internal rotators in order to make injury prevention measures from injury for baseball players. [Subjects] The subjects were baseball club members (29 men) and soccer club members (14 men) and ordinary students (12 men) who did not play sports regularly at the Health Science University. [Methods] We evaluated elevation depression and rotation of scapulae of baseball club members and compared their values to those of the soccer club members and the ordinary students who did not play sports regularly at the Health Science University. We then compared strength of external and internal rotators among the three groups based on the position of scapulae: elevated, depressed and intermediate. [Results] The position of scapulae of the baseball club members tended to be depressed compared to the ordinary students. The elevated scapula group tended to have stronger external rotators than the other two groups, but there was no relationship with the rotation of the scapula. [Conclusion] The results suggest that the scapula position in the resting standing position influences the strength of the external rotator.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the evaluation of an examiner and that of simulated patients (SP) in an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). [Subjects] Forty-seven students who had finished clinical practice were the subjects. [Methods] Average percentages of the evaluation of the examiner and SP were examined using the paired t-test. Further, the correlation between the examiner and SP at each station was evaluated using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. [Results] SPs’ scores were lower than those of the examiner. There was a high correlation between the examiner and SP at the medical interview station, and the correlation was medium or low at the evaluation and exercise station. [Conclusion] The evaluations of the examiner using OSCE were greater than the subjective evaluations of SP. Therefore, SP can evaluate skills that the examiner cannot.

View full abstract

[Purpose] This study examined the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of one-leg standing (OLS) of subjects with functional ankle instability (FAI). [Subjects] The study group consisted of 11 patients (9 males, 2 females) with FAI only on one side. [Methods] The subjects transitioned to the OLS stance after taking a side step towards either (the affected or unaffected) side. The kinematic and kinetic data of the body segments were collected using a motion analysis system and two force plates. [Results] A comparison of the measurements showed that the integral value of the internal hip abduction moment (IHM) of the following limb, the integral value of the IHM of the leading limb, angular displacement of the hip and trunk during OLS, the angular velocities of the trunk and hip during OLS were greater on the affected side than on the unaffected side during OLS, and the absolute value of the minimum value of the ground reaction force in the medial-lateral direction (Fx) on the leading limb was greater on the affected side than on the unaffected side during OLS. Furthermore, the motion time was significantly prolonged on the affected side than on the unaffected side during OLS. [Conclusion] These results suggest that the following limb is used to control the center of mass during OLS to avoid force on the affected side. To compensate, subjects performed postural control dependent on the trunk and hip movements; thus, the complete motion required more time on the affected side.

View full abstract

[Purpose] We examined the shape of the expiratory flow-volume (FV) curve of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and interstitial pneumonia (IP) patients at rest and during exercise. [Subjects] The subjects were 9 COPD patients and 8 IP patients. [Method] We plotted the expiratory FV curve of subjects at rest and while subjects pedaled a bicycle ergometer, and compared the FV curves, lung capacity changes, and expiratory flow limitations between the two groups of patients. [Results] Expiratory flow limitation and dynamic hyperinflation were more apparent in COPD patients, and the shape of the expiratory FV curve was more likely to be concave during exercise. Expiratory flow limitation was not often seen in IP patients, and the expiration FV curve was convex, both at rest and at peak exercise. [Conclusion] The shape of the expiratory FV curve of COPD patients shows greater concavity during exercise than that of IP patients.

View full abstract

[Purpose] To identify training issues for physical therapists, we analyzed physical therapists’ self-recognition. [Subjects and Method] The subjects were 67 physical therapists working in medical facilities in Shizuoka Prefecture. We conducted a survey using the Self-Recognition Questionnaire, and analyzed the results. [Results] To gain “Independence” took an average 9.98±4.24 years. For the importance of “Treatment Technique” and “Academic Knowledge,” there were many among those with relatively few years of experience who felt the need of acquiring “Treatment Technique,” showing there were issues with degrees of organizational satisfaction or levels of personal achievement. [Conclusion] It is a central duty of physical therapists in clinical practice to face patients and raise their social adaptability from the medical perspective. When we look at the levels of personal achievement, 30.6±19.0%, of physical therapists, in addition to professional support for individual and organizational demands, the development of a program directing attention to personal career advancement is desirable.

View full abstract

[Purpose] We investigated whether or not the 10-second chair stand test for the frail elderly (Frail CS-10) is useful for assessing Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. [Subjects] The subjects were 21 PD patients. [Method] We measured the Frail CS-10 and the strength of the quadriceps femoris, which has hitherto been used as a representative index of lower limb strength, and examined their relationships with indices of lower limb function [sway, timed up-and-go test (TUG), 5m maximum walking speed, 10m obstacle course time (10m OCT), and the motor subscore of the functional independence measure (FIM-M)]. [Results] The Frail CS-10 showed significant correlations with TUG, 10m OCT, and FIM-M. However, quadriceps femoris strength did not show a significant correlation with any of the physical functions. [Conclusion] The Frail CS-10 is a simple assessment method for estimating the lower limb function of PD patients, and is better than the quadriceps femoris strength, which has hitherto been used as a representative index of lower limb strength.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The toes play an important role, yet the role of toe flexor strength is poorly understood. We have performed clinical and electromyogram (EMG) studies of the toe exercises we developed. However, the relationship between our toe exercises and the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) has remained unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the toe exercises and MLA. [Subject and Methods] The subjects were 20 feet of 20 participants (10 males, 10 females), whose mean age was 22.5±3.6 years old. The participants performed three toe exercises and the towel gathering exercise. The three toe exercises were isotonic contractions (10 times) of the great toe flexor, 2nd-to-5th toe flexors and 3rd-to-5th toe flexors. All subjects randomly performed the three toe exercises and the towel gathering exercise. Before and after each exercise, we assessed MLA using the Navicular Drop test (ND). [Results] ND before the training was 4.34 mm. ND after towel gathering was 4.94 mm, without a significant difference from before exercise. After the great toe exercise, ND was 5.25 mm, a significant drop compared with before exercise. After the 2nd-to-5th toe flexors and 3rd-to-5th toe flexors exercises, ND was 3.07 mm, and 3.32 mm respectively, with no significant drop in comparison with before exercise. [Conclusion] The great toe flexor exercise significantly decreased MLA. The relationship between the towel gathering exercise and MLA was poor. However, this exercise is similar to the great toe flexor exercise. On the other hand, the exercises of 2nd-to-5th toe flexors and 3rd-to-5th toe flexors increased MLA.

View full abstract

[Purpose] We investigate changes in brain activity during the illusinon of motion by vibrating the tendon of wrist extensor muscles associated with visual presentation of objects. [Method] The 11 subjects selected the illusion of motion that the intensity of 4 or more when you experience the illusion by the tendon vibration. In three conditions, and we do the extensor tendon in all conditions. Condition 1: No objects. Cndition 2: Presention objects in contact with the object distance if you bend the wrist. Condition 3: Presentation objects in no contact with the object distance if you bend the wrist.we measure the brain activity for functional near infrared spectroscopy. we use one-way analysis of variance to compare the different conditions, and then use t-test. [Result] In right parietal and right premotor cortex increased the brain activity in condition 2 than in the other two conditions. [Conclusion] Brain activity by the position of the object has changed. We think that elicited self-perception of movement based on the perception of the body. Also, the background of increasing activity in the right parietal and premotor cortex in condition 2, it is possible that the image evoked in contact with the object.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to identify the functional characteristics of the people who continued training compared with the people who discontinued training among participants of a locomotion training class. [Subjects] The participants were 231 community-dwelling elderly people. [Methods] We investigated demographic data, physical functions, and determined whether participants were locomotive syndrome positive or not. After two months, we assessed types and frequency of participants’ exercise, and divided the participants into two groups, the continued training group and the discontinued training group. The continued training group exercised once a week. [Results] There were 160 people in the continued group, and they had high values compared with the discontinued group for body weight, and the functional reach test, and were locomotive syndrome positive. [Conclusion] We consider that people who were alert to impairment of their physical functions continued training.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between peak power of the lower extremities during isokinetic movement on a step ergometer and muscle activity characteristics using EMG frequency analysis of community-dwelling elderly adults. [Methods] Twelve elderly women (mean age 78.3 years) were measured for muscle power on a step ergometer (60 and 90 steps / minute), and surface electromyograms (EMG) of the lower extremities. EMG data was wavelet transformed and MPF (Mean Power Frequency), LF / TP (Low Frequency per Total Power) and HF / TP (High Frequency per Total Power) were calculated. [Results] The muscle power at 60 steps / min showed a significant correlation with the LF / TP of the tibialis anterior. MPF of the vastus medialis and tibialis anterior at 90 steps / min were higher than at 60 steps /min. [Conclusion] We speculate that fast-twitch muscles activity at 90 steps / min increases, therefore we consider that high speed movement is useful for preventing the sarcopenia.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the timing of muscle activities of the trunk and the lower extremities in rapid vertical jumping. [Subjects] Twelve healthy men (mean age 22.3±0.8 (SD) years old) participated in this study. [Methods] The subjects were asked to jump vertically as quickly as possible when a red light placed 2 m ahead of them was turned on. The time from light stimulus to both feet aloft was measured in the gastrocnemius muscle, the biceps femoris muscle, the internal oblique muscle, and the multifidus muscle using surface electromyography. [Results] A high correlation was found only in the internal oblique muscle for the relationship between whole body reaction time and the muscle contraction inception time. No significant differences were found in the contraction inception time among the 4 muscles. [Conclusion] We suggest that a person capable of using his/her internal oblique muscle can start the whole body reaction more quickly. We clarified that muscle activities had almost the same timing among the measured muscles.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to consider the relationship between the physical abilities during the acute phase of stroke and the walking ability upon discharge from hospital. [Methods] The subjects were 137 stroke patients. The Trunk Control Test (TCT), the Japan Stroke Scale - Motor, disorders (cerebral infarction or hemorrhage), and age were evaluated. The association between TCT, JSS-M, disorder and age, and the presence or absence of the acquisition of walking ability were studied. Discriminant analysis was carried out for dependent / independent walking. [Results] In the result of the discriminant analysis, the ability to walk independently could be discriminated with 93.0%, and the inability to walk independently with 93.3% accuracy. [Conclusion] From the results, we suggest that these indices are useful indicators for determining the prognosis of walking during the acute phase of stroke.

View full abstract

[Purpose] We investigated whether gait independence of stroke patients can be predicted from changes in the results of the timed up-and-go test (TUG). [Subjects] The subjects were 42 hemiplegic stroke patients. [Method] We timed TUG twice. The variation in the performance time was the difference between the first and the second trial (TUGΔcmf and TUGΔmax, respectively), and we computed the performance times adjusting for the difference. [Results] Gait independence was related to TUGΔcmf and TUGΔmax (Odds Ratios of 9.6 and 56.2), and the both the sensitivities and specificities of TUGΔcmf and TUGΔmax showed high values. [Conclusion] When the variation in TUG times between trials exceeds 1 second, there is a possibility of gait dependence.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the number of measurement days needed to measure physical activity time with respect to bodily posture and movement using a triaxial accelerometer, which detects tilt, that has recently been developed. [Methods] Physical activity time of 16 healthy young students with respect to bodily posture and movement was monitored during the daytime for one week using a triaxial accelerometer. [Results] The mean activity times for walking, standing, sitting, and lying were 141, 68, 466, and 40, respectively. Lying time on Sunday was significantly longer than those on Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday. A significant intra-class correlation was obtained at 7 days for walking and standing, and at 6 days for sitting and lying. [Conlusions] We conclude that the physical activity time with respect to bodily posture and movement using a triaxial accelerometer was obtained accurately. The numbers of days required for accurate measurement of walking/standing were at least six days and for sitting / lying were at least seven days.

View full abstract

[Purpose] Using a video browser (VB), we measured the step time and step length during gait, and investigated the concurrent validity, and intra- and inter-rater reliabilities. [Subjects] The subjects were 10 normally healthy women, and the assessors were a physical therapist and a physical therapy student. [Method] The walking conditions were normal walking and walking with an orthosis, and we recorded walking at a comfortable speed over a 10-m course. We assessed the reliability and validity of the step time and step length measured using VB, and spatial coordinates (3D) derived from the video data. [Results] Under each walking condition, there were significant regression coefficients for 3D and VB, the intra-class correlation coefficients ranged from 0.78 ~ 1.00, and the error value was small. [Conclusion] The measurement of step time and step length using VB is simple, objective and economical, making it useful in the clinical setting for the gait analysis of cases showing gait disorders.

View full abstract

[Purpose] In this study, in order to determine the factors affecting the balance of sports players and ordinary subjects, we investigated the effects of dynamic transient skill training, using a rope, on eyes closed one leg standing time, and rope-walking distance and time. [Subjects] The subjects were 7 elite male ice hockey players, average age 21.3 years, and 9 ordinary male subjects, average age 24.7 years. [Method] The subjects practiced walking along a rope, and we measured eyes closed one leg standing time, and rope-walking distance and time before and after the training. To compare rope-walking distance and eyes closed one leg standing time, we used Student’s t-test for within group comparisons, and Welch’s t-test for between group comparisons. [Results] After the training, the ice hockey players’ left leg eyes closed standing time, and rope-walking distance and time significantly increased, and the ordinary subjects’ rope-walking distance and time very significantly increased. [Conclusion] We plan to develop a safe and effective balance training program.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sitting training on a tilting platform on acute hemiparetic patients. [Methods] Twenty stroke patients participated in this study. Intervention: The experimental group patients sat on a platform tilted 10° to the paretic side in the frontal plane. The control group patients sat on a horizontal platform. Both groups moved their trunks laterally to the non-paretic side 60 times. Assessment: Subjects sat on a horizontal platform and moved their trunk laterally to the left or right as much as they could. During this task, we measured the trunk angle and bilateral electromyographic activity. [Results] After intervention, both groups showed greater decrease in lateral bending to the paretic side. In the experimental group, the activity of the external oblique muscle on the affected side was significantly increased in lateral bending to the non-paretic side after the intervention. [Conclusion] These results suggest that tilting platform sitting training can improve EO muscle activity on the non-paretic side.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors associated with discharge to home of proximal femoral fracture patients aged 85 years or over. [Subjects] The subjects were 21 patients with proximal femoral fracture over 85 years of age. [Methods] we divided the subjects into two groups by discharge destination. (home, other) Then we investigated age, length of stay, fracture type, dementia, complications, use of care insurance, FIM, transportation and living with family from medical records. [Results] In the home group, patients had less use of care insurance before injury, higher FIM score before injury and at discharge, and were able to walk. [Conclusion] High ADL before injury, ability to walk at the time of discharge, and good control of excretion were factors to increasing the probability of discharge to home.

View full abstract

[Purpose] We analyzed the double-limb landing action to investigate the cause of the high rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury among females. [Subjects] The subjects 10 males and 10 females who were normally healthy. [Method] Using the point cluster method, we measured the angle and direction of tibia rotation, and anterior displacement in double-limb landing. [Results] The internal rotation angle of the females was significantly larger than that of the males, and maximum internal rotation occurred earlier than in the males, but a significant difference between male and female anterior displacement was not seen. [Conclusion] From the results, we understand that impingement of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments occurs easily in females, and that the shear stress on the anterior cruciate ligament increases.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of life area on the change in activities of daily living (ADL) of stroke patients. [Subjects] The subjects were 117 stroke patients. [Method] We mailed a questionnaire and performed a follow up after one year. We divided subjects on the basis of activities in town of less than 1∼3 times a week, as low and high activity groups, respectively. For statistical analysis, we performed the unpaired t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, correlation analysis, and step-wise regression analysis. [Results] We found the degree of change of the Barthel index of low activity subjects and those needing care had significantly low values, and regression analysis identified life area as an independent factor of it. [Conclusion] The results suggest that to improve or maintain ADL of patients with stroke who are living at home, they need to go out to town 1∼3 times or more a week.

View full abstract

[Purpose] Most cancer treatments have adverse effects, including poor physical function, fatigue, and low health-related quality of life (HRQOL). In this study, the associations among physical function, fatigue, and HRQOL of cancer patients in the perioperative period was investigated. [Methods] Forty-five patients with esophageal cancer scheduled for esophagectomy were enrolled in this study. Physical function was assessed with the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Fatigue was measured with the Cancer Fatigue Scale (CFS) questionnaire. HRQOL was measured with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) questionnaire. [Results] Both physical function and HRQOL decreased after esophagectomy, while CFS increased. The decrease of 6MWT distance was significantly associated with the increase in the CFS physical function subscale (r=−0.29) and the decrease in HRQOL physical function subscale (r=0.31). [Conclusions] Our results suggest that maintenance of exercise endurance in the perioperative period may minimize the increase of fatigue and the decrease of HRQOL of patients after surgery for esophageal cancer.

View full abstract

[Purpose] To create a Japanese version of the Back Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ), and to investigate its reliability and validity. [Subjects] A total of 127 caregivers working at facilities who complained of back pain. [Methods] Cronbach’s α coefficient for the Japanese version of the BBQ was calculated. In addition, correlations between scores on the Japanese version of the BBQ and work performance, ADL ability, and degree of back pain were investigated. [Results] The Japanese version of the BBQ had a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.82. A significantly negative correlation was observed between scores on the Japanese version of the BBQ and work performance and ADL ability, but no significant correlation was observed for the degree of back pain. [Conclusions] The reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the BBQ were demonstrated.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of PWB gait exercise which involves conscious heel contact on the hip abductor muscle of patients with hip diseases. [Subjects] The subjects were 10 patients who underwent surgery as well as 10 healthy females as the control group. [Methods] The grade of muscle activity of the gluteus medius in gait exercise without conscious heel contact, and with conscious heel contact werecompared using integrated EMG analysis and wavelet frequency analysis. [Results] The degree of muscle activity in the gluteus medius of patients were significantly increased by gait exercise with conscious heel contact. [Conclusion] Gait exercise with conscious heel contact could become an effective method for quantitative and qualitative training of the hip abductor muscle.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between posture and posterior support cushions for the pelvis. [Subject] The subjects were 11 healthy young males and 9 wheelchair users. [Method] We measured spinal curvature, and the sternum and pelvic lines in the sagittal plane under two test conditions: conventional and specialized posterior support cushions. [Result] Use of the specialized posterior support cushions resulted in a significant decrease in angles of spinal curvature, and the sternum and pelvic lines in the sagittal plane. [Conclusion] These results show that the specialized posterior support cushion is one method of controlling posterior inclination of the pelvis in wheelchair sitting.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the preventive effect of daily joint movement time on joint contracture in rats. [Subjects and Method] The subjects of this study were Wistar rats. The right hind limbs of all rats were immobilized in plantar flexion. The rats were divided into four groups with immobilization times of 24 (G 1), 12 (G 2), 8 (G 3) and 4 hours (G 4), respectively. The procedure was repeated daily for seven consecutive days for the designated times. On the last day, the angles of ankle dorsiflexion in G 1, G 2, G 3 and G 4 were measured after the casts had been removed. [Results] There was no significant change in G 4. [Conclusion] Our results indicate that if a rat is not allowed to freely move for 20 hours daily the ankle joint stiffens.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of our study was to analyze the influence of the direction of motion at the ankle joint on calf muscle activities during a heel-raise exercise. [Subjects] Ten healthy male volunteers participated in this study. [Methods] The levels of activity of the gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, and peroneal longus were compared across 3 tasks: plantarflexion and dorsiflexion with supination of the ankle joint, pronation and supination at 0° plantarflexion, and pronation and supination at maximum plantarflexion. [Results] The gastrocnemius medialis and gastrocnemius lateralis showed significantly lower muscle activities during pronation and supination at 0° plantarflexion than during the other tasks. There was significantly increased activity of the peroneal longus during pronation and supination at maximum plantar flexion compared to the other tasks. [Conclusion] The direction of motion at the ankle joint during a heel-raise exercise should be selected taking account of the muscular strength of the calf muscles.

View full abstract

[Purpose] We investigated the determination method of floating toes, including during movement, and the reliability of the assessment. [Subjects] The subjects were 130 normally healthy adults, 58 males and 72 females. [Method] From images of the sole of the foot taken with a pedoscope, we determined the reliability of the floating toe score, and the reliability of the groupings made on the basis of the floating toe score using coefficients. We also analyzed the change in toe contact condition during movement and reconsidered the groupings. [Results] The inter-rater reliabilities of the floating toe score and groupings, as well as the intra-rater reliability of the floating toe score showed high rates of agreement. Also, over half the cases that were classified as floating toes at rest were in perfect contact with the ground during movement. [Conclusion] We confirmed the reliabilities of the determination method and assessment of floating toes. The toe function of floating toe cases, including contact condition during movement, needs to be considered.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of normal rats. [Subjects] Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to a control group, a single EMS group (1dEMS), and a 7-day EMS group (7dEMS). [Method] Bilateral rectus femoris muscles were electrically stimulated under anesthesia for 30 min/day. On day 7, an intravenous glucose tolerance test IVGTT was performed after the EMS. On day 8, an euglycemic clamp was placed 20 - 24 h after the last electrical stimulation. [Results] The glucose disappearance constant (KG) was significantly higher in the 7dEMS than in the control and 1dEMS groups. GIR (Glucose insulin resistance?) during euglycemic clamping was significantly higher in the 7dEMS than in the control group. [Conclusion] The daily application of transcutaneous EMS can improve the glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of normal rats.

View full abstract

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in physical therapy before and after implementation of Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC) at SAN-IKUKAI HOSPITAL which is an acute care hospital in Tokyo. [Subjects and Methods] The participants were 171 inpatients, 48 before the implementation of DPC, and 123 after, who received physical therapy in our hospital. Patients with disuse syndrome comprised 80% of them. We surveyed and analyzed the items before and after implementation of DPC as follows: days to commencement of physical therapy, duration of receiving physical therapy, BI at the onset and the end of physical therapy, outcomes at the time of discharge from our hospital to home, convalescence rehabilitation ward, long-term care health facilities or designated facilities covered by public aid providing long-term care to the elderly, and the relationship between BI and outcomes at the time of discharge from our hospital. Each item was examined using statistical analyses. [Result] We found that implementation of DPC shortened days to commencement of physical therapy as well as duration of receiving physical therapy, revealing that patients after implementation of DPC were discharged from our hospital with higher BI than before. [Conclusion] DPC resulted in early physical therapy, reduced hospital stay, and discharge with higher BI. In addition, it was revealed that early discharge to home was preceded by starting physical therapy with higher BI.

View full abstract