本稿は，少子高齢化時代における世代間関係に対して家族戦略論の視点からどのような接近が可能かを論じる．少子高齢化や経済の変化といったマクロレベルの変化とともに，ミクロレベルの世代間関係のあり方も変化したことで，現代の世代間関係は「世代間」が現れやすくなったととらえられる．本稿は，そうした世代間が実際の親子関係などのなかでどのように対処されるのかを分析的にとらえるうえで，家族戦略論によるアプローチが有効であることを主張する．そうした家族戦略論のアプローチには，交換理論的視点と象徴的相互作用論的視点の二つが区別される．世代間関係の具体例として世代間居住関係に焦点を当て，これらの視点に基づくこれまでの研究がどのような知見をもたらしてきたかを整理し，今後の研究に関する展望を述べる．

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　従来の運動部の補欠に関する研究は、補欠の運動部への参加や継続の動機、補欠であることの原因帰属意識について検討した研究が見られるものの、補欠が部活動を行う上でどのような葛藤を抱えているのか、また、その規定要因に着目した研究は少ない。そこで本研究では同一の対象に対して相反する傾向、態度、感情が同時に存在する精神状態を意味する「

」の概念に着目し、補欠が抱える葛藤状態の様相とその発生要因を検討する。研究方法としては、高校期に部活動として行われておらず高校期の硬式野球部において補欠を経験した選手が多いと予想される東京六大学準硬式野球連盟に所属する全大学の部員235名を対象として質問紙調査を行った。その結果、補欠部員(159名)の69.8%が「ライバルが怪我をしたり不調になったりした際、喜んではいけないと思う一方で、試合に出られるチャンスが増え心の中では喜んでしまう」と思った経験があると回答する等葛藤を抱え込む様相が看取された。また、調査を行った部の監督6名へのインタビュー調査を実施し、監督と選手の回答を連動させることで、補欠のの要因について詳細に検討を行った。

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　本研究では夜間介護があるような困難な介護状況においても介護に肯定的な評価をしている介護者の精神的側面を「アンビバレントな世界」とし，その本質に焦点を当て，その世界を本人の視点から記述していくことを目的とした．家族介護者を対象に半構造化面接を実施し，現象学的心理学の視点から質的分析を行った．

　介護者の語りを意味ある単位ごとに分類した結果，「役割規範の受容と介護役割に対する疑念」「夜間に感じる憔悴感と自分自身の納得」「無力な要介護者に対する悲憤と悲哀」「身体的開放感の欲求と社会への奉仕欲求」「要介護者を預けることによる休息感と虚無感や気づかい」が浮かび上がった．これらは「役割アイデンティティ獲得の交渉」「報恩・感謝の実践」「生活充足感の探求」の3つの基本軸に構造化された．また，これらは「行為を通じて価値を獲得していく過程」ととらえなおすことが可能であると解釈された．

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　In this article we develop a general model, for explaining the social characteristics of an urban "community. Some of the propositions comprising it can be supported by a considerable body of available reseach materials; others may be accepted as hypotneses for which a certain amount of presumptive evidence exists.
　By the term "community" we mean that aspect of concrete social collectivity which is predominantly referable to common ties of people as a focus for social integration, we also present a theoretical reformulation of the sociological approach to urban society after examining the theory of urbanism and relate it to the theory of urban socio-structure. Then we call attention to the peculiar characteristics of the urban society as a particular form of humaman association. After examining the theory of urbanism as a way of life we select the four main elements of urbanism which mark it as a distinctive mode of urban social relations ; these are (1) indifference to others (2) over-sensitivity (3) utilitarian emphasis and (4) the autonomous attitude which urbanities manifest in their relationship, even within the neighborhood.
　Then we infer that these elements will assume their most characteristics and extreme form to the extent to which the socio-structural conditions in the city with which it is congruent are present. It should be recognized, however, that community or "communityness" emerging in urban conditions may be actualized and continued for reason other than those that naturally brought the urban mode of life into existence, that accordingly an urban community may be perpetuated under conditions quite foreign to those necessary for the for the origins of urban life.
　Our discussion focuses on those conditions which are likely to produce "communityness" in an urban society characterized by internally atomized contact or "strangerness". Then we examine the theoretical implications of a process in which the continuing human association of urbanities depends on the net balance of two ambivalent charcteristics-"strangerness" and "communityness".

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　What specifies this article as a work of- general theory is its analytical approach to the urban society concerned to elucidate the meaning of community. Our use of the notion of community here differs somewhat from the usual essay, because it is mainly concerned with the mode of communal cohesion among the people in any particular collectivity.
　In our previous paper, we argued for a theoretical application of this notion in urban social studies. It was stressed by the social formation approach that the urban society, compared with the homogeneity of rural society, displays a highly differentiated pluralistic social structure.
　In this paper we restricted ourselves to an account of the urban social relationship which is typicaly observable in the central business district(C. B. D. ) of metropolitan area. The major characteristic of this district is that all sorts of people meet together who never fully comprehend one another. This area appears to be a major reseach frontier in urban studies in Japan. Most sociologists in their studies of urban society have focused to some extent on the symbiotic and commensalistic aspect of urban neighborhood or on the "community planning" in urban area. Yet they hove not derived satisfactorily a theoretical model for the study of major communal variables in the co- existence relationship which typically occur whithin the C. B. D. However, we do not aime here to make a comprehensive discussion of this frontier of urban study. We try rather to demonstrate in an ideal-typical manner some possibilities of developing "the communityness" within the co - existence relationship in the urban areas.
　After examining the theoretical meanings of the mode of co- existence contact, we select four main phases of it, which are selected analytically in terms of emphasising possibility of social mutualization in these contacts.
　These are Incongruity of mutual interests 2) conformity to social constraint 3)mutual emotional response and 4)regulation. We argued that these phases characteristically correspond to four major types of modern man : 1)bourgeois　2)citizen or citoyen 3)common people and 4)mass as an "abstract collection of individuals". Among these, the citizen or public can be viewed as the ideal typical realization of the classical theory of democracy and also of a community as a value in Western social thought. We recongnized that a community in the ideal sense had existed paradigmatically in the Greek Polis, paryicularly in Periclean Athens.
　We attempted to specify more fully the nature of the community ideal. After examinating previous works on "community of public" and the neighborhood association as a focus of local autonomy in Japan, some of the possible criteria were examined to determine which of these are consistent with liberal theory of the community in the metropolitan areas. We paid also attention to the recent movement among urbanites against pollution, as a means to reformulate a community in sociological study.

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