社会主義政権の崩壊から20年以上を経、EU加盟も果たした現在のルーマニアでは、グローバル化に伴う産業化と商業化が農村部にも及び、農民の離農が進み、伝統的な牧畜業を継ぐことを望む子どもが急速に減少している。本発表は、このような状況下で、ルーマニア農村家族が直系家族による牧畜経営体ゴスポダリエの形態から、両親とすべての子ども夫婦を含む的なファミリエの形態へと移行しつつある現状を考察する。

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本稿は、1970年代から1990年代のインドにおける、1956年ヒンドゥー教徒相 続法の州別改正・新法制定と女性の教育水準との関係を検証している。改正に より女性に不動産など財産の相続権が与えられ、性別における不平等 が是正されたことで、物的資本や人的資本に関する「相続」の枠組みが変化し たと考えられる。本稿では、女性の教育水準の向上を人的資本投資の増加と捉 えたうえで、相続法改正と教育水準にいかなる関係が存在するのかを4 期間の 全国家族健康調査データにより検証した。分析では、改正州の土地所有世帯に 居住しているヒンドゥー教徒の世帯主の娘は、そうでない女性と比較すると有 意に教育年数が長く、新聞・雑誌を読む習慣があるという先行研究を拡張する 結果が得られた。ヒンドゥー教徒相続法の対象外であるイスラーム教徒やキリ スト教徒のデータを活用して、宗教以外の条件が同じプラセボを作成し、結果 の頑健性の確認に使用したが、有意な教育水準の向上は認められなかった。

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the ownership patterns and management characteristics of the Indian zaibatsu from the standpoint of the types of the zaibatsu families; a) the joint family type (the Walchands, the Singhanias, the Bajajs), b) the split type (the Goenkas, the Birlas), and c) other types (small family type; the Mahindras, alien type; the Tatas).Some of the concluding observations are as follows :
1) On the whole, inter-corporate investment and multiple directorship as the instrument of control play the significant role in all the zaibatsu, though the pattern varies widely among the groups. Generally it can be said that the larger the joint family is, the stronger tends to be the zaibatsu families' holds over both ownership and management.
2) In the case of the split type, both ownership and management are retained independently by each sub-group of the zaibatsu family. To be noted is the case of the ownership of the R.P. Goenkas, one of the three subgroups of the Goenkas, where a number of investment companies that are subsidiaries of the four main companies of the group play the decisive role in the shareholdings of the group companies.
3) In the Mahindras, the small family type, the main family members hold the ultimate decision making power of the nuclear (holding) company, thereby controling quite a few of their group companies.

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The regional evolution of agriculture could be estimated by the degree which the natural environment has been changed and the techniques employed to this end. This view-point would be realized in the following indicaters;
1) land utilization 2) crop rotation system 3) the methods adopted to keep or increase the soil fertility and 4) type of rural economy. From such a point of view, how farming type has been changed by the introduction of irrigation, in the semi-arid region, is treated in this article. The author had the opportunity to stay in the northern part of west, Pakistan in 1962. He took the two sample villages for the intensive survey, one is Sagri that is dry farming village and the other is Mohammud Abad that depends on irrigation farming. He found many differences between them and regarded dry farming as the original type and irrigation farming as the developed type.
As his conclusion, the author compared these two types of West Pakistan agriculture with those of Europe and Japan. In Europe, the original type is represented by three field system and the developed type is by Norfolk system of husbandry. In Japan, the original type is by paddy farming before 19th century and the developed type is by it in 20th century. Through these comparisons, the original type of West Pakistan resembles to that of West Europe and its developed type has much resemblance to that of Japan.
Why has such a transformation of farming type occured in the semi-arid region of West Pakistan through the introduction of irrigation? The author pointed out two important aspects of this problem.
1) Although the agriculture of West Pakistan has many cattle, the nature of their association is literally crop cultivation and cattle breeding. As these two branches of agriculture is crudely combined, we could not call them as mixed farming. Mixed farming has no conditions to be developed there because of the dry climate and the low stage of economic development.
2) Agriculture of West Pakistan is characterized by the existence of many small holdings, that is also common feature of Asian countries. This character strengthens the trend to Japanese type of agriculture in its developed type, not to West European way.

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